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| 1 | Changing face of hepatic encephalopathy:Role of inflammation and oxidative stress显示文摘The face of hepatic encephalopathy(HE) is changing.This review explores how this neurocognitive disorder,which is associated with both acute and chronic liver injury,has grown to become a dynamic syndrome that spans a spectrum of neuropsychological impairment,from normal performance to coma.The central role of ammonia in the pathogenesis of HE remains incontrovertible.However,over the past 10 years,the HE community has begun to characterise the key roles of inflammation,infection,and oxidative/nitrosative stress in modulating the pathophysiological effects of ammonia on the astrocyte.This review explores the current thoughts and evidence base in this area and discusses the potential role of existing and novel therapies that might abrogate the oxidative and nitrosative stresses inflicted on the brain in patients with,or at risk of developing,HE. | Amit S Seyan Robin D Hughes Debbie L Shawcross | 2010 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2010，16，27： | 23 |
| 2 | Pathophysiology of cerebral oedema in acute liver failure显示文摘Cerebral oedema is a devastating consequence of acute liver failure(ALF)and may be associated with the development of intracranial hypertension and death.In ALF,some patients may develop cerebral oedema and increased intracranial pressure but progression to lifethreatening intracranial hypertension is less frequent than previously described,complicating less than one third of cases who have proceeded to coma since the advent of improved clinical care.The rapid onset of encephalopathy may be dramatic with the development of asterixis,delirium,seizures and coma.Cytotoxic and vasogenic oedema mechanisms have been implicated with a preponderance of experimental data favouring a cytotoxic mechanism.Astrocyte swelling is the most consistent neuropathological finding in humans with ALF and ammonia plays a definitive role in the development of cytotoxic brain oedema.The mechanism(s)by which ammonia induces astrocyte swelling remains unclear but glutamine accumulation within astrocytes has led to the osmolyte hypothesis.Current evidence also supports an alternate‘Trojan horse’hypothesis,with glutamine as a carrier of ammonia into mitochondria,where its accumulation results in oxidative stress,energy failure and ultimately astrocyte swelling.Although a complete breakdown of the blood-brain barrier is not evident in human ALF,increased permeation to water and other small molecules such as ammonia has been demonstrated resulting from subtle alterations in the protein composition of paracellular tight junctions.At present,there is no fully efficacious therapy for cerebral oedema other than liver transplantation and this reflects our incomplete knowledge of the precise mechanisms underlying this process which remain largely unknown. | Teresa R Scott Victoria T Kronsten Robin D Hughes Debbie L Shawcross | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，48： | 8 |
| 3 | Systemic inflammation and ammonia in hepatic encephalopathy显示文摘 | Thomas H. Tranah Godhev K. Manakkat Vijay Jennifer M. Ryan Debbie L. Shawcross | 2013 | Metabolic Brain Disease2013，，1： | 2 |
| 4 | Blockade of PD1 and TIM3 Restores Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Patients with Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis显示文摘 | Lee J.L. Markwick Antonio Riva Jennifer M. Ryan Helen Cooksley Elena Palma Tom H. Tranah Godhev K. Manakkat Vijay Nikhil Vergis Mark Thursz Alex Evans Gavin Wright Sarah Tarff John O’Grady Roger Williams Debbie L. Shawcross Shilpa Chokshi | 2014 | Gastroenterology2014，，： | 2 |
| 5 | The effect of essential oils on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using a dressing model 显示文摘 | Edwards-Jones V Buck R Shawcross S G | 2004 | Burns2004，30，8： | 1 |
| 6 | Neurotrophins 3 and 4 differentially regulate NCAM, L1 and N-cadherin expression during peripheral nerve regeneration显示文摘 | Thornton M R Shawcross S G Mantovani C | 2008 | Biotechnol Appl Biochem2008，49，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Modellingof Non-Thermal Plasma Aftertreatment of Exhaust GasStreams显示文摘 | Martin A R Shawcross J T Whitehead J C | 2004 | J Phy D:Appl Phys2004，37，： | 1 |
| 8 | The neurological manifestations of acute liver failure显示文摘 | Debbie L. Shawcross Julia A. Wendon | 2011 | Neurochemistry International2011，，7： | 1 |
| 9 | Infection and systemic inflammation, not ammonia, are associated with Grade 3/4 hepatic encephalopathy, but not mor- tality in cirrhosis显示文摘 | Shawcross DL Sharifi Y Canavan JB | 2011 | J Hepatol2011，54，4： | 1 |
| 10 | Old versus new antiepileptic drugs: the SANAD study显示文摘 | Shawcross D Knighton S Bernal W | 2007 | Lancet2007，370，9584： | 1 |
| 11 | Role of ammonia and inflammation in minimal hepatic encephalopathy显示文摘 | Shawcross DL Wright G Olde Damink SW | 2007 | Metab Brain Dis2007，22，1： | 1 |
| 12 | Infection and systemic ildlammation, not ammonia, are associated with Grade 3/4 hepatic encephalopathy, but not mortality in cirrhosis显示文摘 | Shawcross DL Sharifi Y Canavan JB | 2011 | J Hepatol2011，54，4： | 1 |
| 13 | Brain cytokine flux in acute liver failure and its relationship with intracranial hypertension显示文摘 | Gavin Wright Debbie Shawcross Steven W. M. Olde Damink Rajiv Jalan | 2007 | Metabolic Brain Disease (-)2007，，3： | 1 |
| 14 | Role of ammonia and inflammation in minimal hepatic encephalo pathy 显示文摘 | Shawcross DL Wright G Olde Damink SW | 2007 | Metab Brain Dis2007，22，1： | 1 |
| 15 | The elimination of primer-dimer accumulation in PCR显示文摘 | Brownie J Shawcross S Theaker J | 1997 | Nucleic Acids Res1997，25，： | 1 |
| 16 | Systemic inflammatory response exacerbates the neuropsychol-ogical effects of induced hyperammonemia in cirrhosis显示文摘 | Shawcross DL Davies NA Williams R | 2004 | J Hepatol2004，40，2： | 1 |
| 17 | Role of ammonia and inflammation in minimal hepatic encephaIopathy 显示文摘 | Shawcross DL Wright G Olde Damink SW | 2007 | Metab Brain Dis2007，22，1： | 1 |
| 18 | Brain cytokine flux in acute liver failure and its relation-ship with intracranial hypertension显示文摘 | Wright G Shawcross D Olde Damink SW | 2007 | Metab Brain Dis2007，22，34： | 1 |
| 19 | The pathophysiologic basis of hepatic encephalopathy:central role for ammonia and inflammation显示文摘 | Shawcross D Jalan R | 2005 | Cell Mol Life Sci2005，62，： | 1 |
| 20 | The pathophysiologic basis of hepatic encephalopathy: central role for ammonia and inflammation显示文摘 | D. Shawcross R. Jalan | 2005 | Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (-)2005，，19： | 1 |
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