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| 1 | Dementia and osteoporosis in a geriatric population: Is there a common link?显示文摘AIM To determine the existence of a common pathological link between dementia and osteoporosis through reviewing the current evidence base. METHODS This paper reviews the current literature on osteoporosis and dementia in order to ascertain evidence of a common predisposing aetiology. A literature search of Ovid MEDLINE(1950 to June 2016) was conducted. The keywords 'osteoporosis', 'osteoporotic fracture', 'dementia' and 'Alzheimer's disease'(AD) were used to determine the theoretical links with the most significant evidence base behind them. The key links were found to be vitamins D and K, calcium, thyroid disease, statins, alcohol and sex steroids. These subjects were then searched in combination with the previous terms and the resulting papers manually examined. Theoretical, in vitro and in vivo research were all used to inform this review which focuses on the most well developed theoretical common causes for dementia(predominantly Alzheimer's type) and osteoporosis.RESULTS Dementia and osteoporosis are multifaceted disease processes with similar epidemiology and a marked increase in prevalence in elderly populations. The existence of a common link between the two has been suggested despite a lack of clear pathological overlap in our current understanding. Research to date has tended to be fragmented and relatively weak in nature with multiple confounding factors reflecting the difficulties of in vivo experimentation in the population of interest. Despite exploration of various possible mechanisms in search for a link between the two pathologies, this paper found that it is possible that these associations are coincidental due to the nature of the evidence available. One finding in this review is that prior investigation into common aetiologies has found raised amyloid beta peptide levels in osteoporotic bone tissue, with a hypothesis that amyloid beta disorders are systemic disorders resulting in differing tissue manifestations. However, our findings were that the most compelling evidence of a common yet independent aetiology lies in the APOE4 allele, which is a well-established risk for AD but also carries an independent association with fracture risk. The mechanism behind this is thought to be the reduced plasma vitamin K levels in individuals exhibiting the APOE4 allele which may be amplified by the nutritional deficiencies associated with dementia, which are known to include vitamins K and D. The vitamin theory postulates that malnutrition and reduced exposure to sunlight in patients with AD leads to vitamin deficiencies. CONCLUSION Robust evidence remains to be produced regarding potential links and regarding the exact aetiology of these diseases and remains relevant given the burden of dementia and osteoporosis in our ageing population. Future research into amyloid beta, APOE4 and vitamins K and D as the most promising aetiological links should be welcomed. | Candice L Downey Adam Young Emily F Burton Simon M Graham Robert J Macfarlane Eva-Maria Tsapakis Eleftherios Tsiridis | 2017 | World Journal of Orthopedics2017，8，5： | 6 |
| 2 | New PDC bit design reduces vibrational problems显示文摘 | Graham M W Will L A | 1995 | Oil and Gas Journal1995，93，22： | 1 |
| 3 | Congenital malformation of the ear and cochear implantation in children:Review and Temporal bone report of common cavity显示文摘 | GRAHAM J M PHELPS P D MICHAELS L | 2000 | J Laryngol Otol Suppl2000，25，： | 1 |
| 4 | Pegaspargase : a review of clinical studies 显示文摘 | Graham M L | 2003 | Adv Drug Deliv Rev2003，55，10： | 1 |
| 5 | Interfacial modification of polystyrene - block - polybutadiene - bloke - polystyrene/magnesium hydroxide composites 显示文摘 | CHRISTOPHER M L PAUL D GRAHAM C | 2003 | Macromol Mater Eng2003，288，： | 1 |
| 6 | Yield states and stress-strain relationships in a natural plastic clay 显示文摘 | GRAHAM J NOONAN M L LEW K V | 1983 | Canadian Geoteehnical Journal1983，20，3： | 1 |
| 7 | Nocturnal hypotension= role in glaucoma progression显示文摘 | GRAHAM S L DRANCE S M | 1999 | Survey of Ophthalmology1999，43，1： | 1 |
| 8 | The use of partial extraction geochemistry for copper esploration in northern Chile显示文摘 | Kelley D L Hall G E M Graham Closs L | 2003 | Geochemistry: Exploration Environment Analysis2003，3，1： | 1 |
| 9 | Helium isotope composition of the early Iceland mantle plume inferred from the Tertiary picrites of West Greenland显示文摘 | LARSEN L M HANAN B B | 1998 | Earth Planet Sci Lett1998，160，： | 1 |
| 10 | Diagnostic based modeling for determining absolute atomic oxygen densities inatmospheric pressure helium-oxygen plasmas显示文摘 | Niemi K Reuter S Graham L M | 2009 | Applied Physics Letters2009，95，15： | 1 |
| 11 | Biologically variable ventilation improves oxygenation and respiratory mechanics during one-lung ventilation 显示文摘 | McMallen M C Girling L G Graham M R | 2006 | Anesthsiology2006，105，1： | 1 |
| 12 | Micromechanics based random material property fields for particular reinforced composites 显示文摘 | Baxter S C Hossain M I Graham L L | 2001 | International Journal of Solids and Structures2001，38，： | 1 |
| 13 | Theoretical ecology for engineering biology 显示文摘 | CURBS T P HEAD L M GRAHAM D W | 2003 | Environmental Science & Technology2003，37，3： | 1 |
| 14 | Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Construct Redefinition, Measurement, and Validation 显示文摘 | Van Dyne L Graham J W & Dienesch R M | 1994 | Academy of Management Journal1994，，： | 1 |
| 15 | On the distance matrix of a tree显示文摘 | Edelberg M Garey M R Graham R L | 1976 | Discrete Math1976，14，： | 1 |
| 16 | The Complexity of Computing Steiner Minimal Trees显示文摘 | Garey M R Graham R L Johnson D S | 1977 | SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics1977，32，： | 1 |
| 17 | 查看详情显示文摘 | M Steel M K Olsen L I Plimak P D Drummond S Tan M J Collett D Walls and R Graham | | 0，，06： | 1 |
| 18 | The major genetic determinants of HIV-1control affect HLA class I peptide presentation显示文摘 | International HIV Controllers Study Pereyra F Jia X McLaren P J Telenti A de Bakker P I Walker B D Ripke S Brumme C J Pulit S L Carrington M Kadie C M Carlson J M Heckerman D Graham R R Plenge R M Deeks S G Gianniny L Crawford G Sullivan J Gonzalez E Davies L Camargo A Moore JM Beattie N Gupta S Crenshaw A Burtt N P Guiducci C Gupta N Gao X Qi Y Yuki Y Piechocka-Trocha A Cutrell E Rosenberg R Moss K L Lemay P O'Leary J Schaefer T Verma P Toth I Block B Baker B Rothchild A Lian J Proudfoot J Alvino D M Vine S Addo M M Allen T M Altfeld M Henn M R Le Gall S Streeck H Haas D W Kuritzkes D R Robbins G K Shafer R W Gulick R M Shikuma C M Haubrich R Riddler S Sax P E Daar E S Ribaudo H J Agan B Agarwal S Ahern R L Allen B L Altidor S Altschuler E L Ambardar S Anastos K Anderson B Anderson V Andrady U Antoniskis D Bangsberg D Barbaro D Barrie W Bartczak J Barton S Basden P Basgoz N Bazner S Bellos N C Benson A M Berger J Bernard N F Bernard A M Birch C Bodner S J Bolan R K Boudreaux E T Bradley M Braun J F Brndjar J E Brown S J Brown K Brown S T Burack J Bush LM Cafaro V Campbell O Campbell J Carlson R H Carmichael J K Casey K K Cavacuiti C Celestin G Chambers S T Chez N Chirch L M Cimoch P J Cohen D Cohn LE Conway B Cooper D A Cornelson B Cox D T Cristofano M V Cuchural G Jr Czartoski J L Dahman J M Daly J S Davis B T Davis K Davod S M DeJesus E Dietz C A Dunham E Dunn M E Ellerin T B Eron J J Fangman J J Farel C E Ferlazzo H Fidler S Fleenor-Ford A Frankel R Freedberg K A French N K Fuchs JD Fuller J D Gaberman J Gallant J E Gandhi R T Garcia E Garmon D Gathe J C Jr Gaultier C R Gebre W Gilman F D Gilson I Goepfert P A Gottlieb M S Goulston C Groger R K Gurley T D Haber S Hardwicke R Hardy W D Harrigan P R Hawkins T N Heath S Hecht F M Henry W K Hladek M Hoffman R P Horton J M Hsu R K Huhn G D Hunt P Hupert M J Illeman M L Jaeger H Jellinger R M John M Johnson J A Johnson K L Johnson H Johnson K Joly J Jordan W C Kauffman C A Khanlou H Killian R K Kim A Y Kim D D Kinder C A Kirchner J T Kogelman L Kojic E M Korthuis P T Kurisu W Kwon D S LaMar M Lampiris H Lanzafame M Lederman M M Lee D M Lee J M Lee M J Lee E T Lemoine J Levy J A Llibre J M Liguori M A Little S J Liu A Y Lopez A J Loutfy M R Loy D Mohammed D Y Man A Mansour M K Marconi V C Markowitz M Marques R Martin J N Martin H L Jr Mayer K H McElrath M J McGhee T A McGovern B H McGowan K McIntyre D Mcleod GX Menezes P Mesa G Metroka CE Meyer-Olson D Miller A O Montgomery K Mounzer K C Nagami E H Nagin I Nahass R G Nelson M O Nielsen C Norene D L O'Connor D H Ojikutu B O Okulicz J Oladehin O O Oldfield E C Olender S A Ostrowski M Owen WF Jr Pae E Parsonnet J Pavlatos A M Perlmutter A M Pierce M N Pincus J M Pisani L Price L J Proia L Prokesch R C Pujet H C Ramgopal M Rathod A Rausch M Ravishankar J Rhame F S Richards C S Richman D D Rodes B Rodriguez M Rose R C 3rd Rosenberg E S Rosenthal D Ross P E Rubin D S Rumbaugh E Saenz L Salvaggio M R Sanchez WC Sanjana V M Santiago S Schmidt W Schuitemaker H Sestak P M Shalit P Shay W Shirvani V N Silebi V I Sizemore J M Jr Skolnik P R Sokol-Anderson M Sosman J M Stabile P Stapleton J T Starrett S Stein F Stellbrink H J Sterman FL Stone V E Stone D R Tambussi G Taplitz R A Tedaldi E M Telenti A Theisen W Torres R Tosiello L Tremblay C Tribble M A Trinh P D Tsao A Ueda P Vaccaro A Valadas E Vanig T J Vecino I Vega V M Veikley W Wade B H Walworth C Wanidworanun C Ward D J Warner D A Weber R D Webster D Weis S Wheeler D A White D J Wilkins E Winston A Wlodaver C G van't Wout A Wright D P Yang O O Yurdin D L Zabukovic B W Zachary K C Zeeman B Zhao M | 2010 | Science2010，330，6010： | 1 |
| 19 | Evaluation of candidate vaccine approaches for mers-cov显示文摘 | Wang L Shi W Joyce M G Modjarrad K Zhang Y Leung K Lees C R Zhou T Yassine H M KanekiyoM Yang Z Y Chen X Becker M M Freeman M Vogel L Johnson J C Olinger G Todd J P Bagci U Solomon J Mollura D J Hensley L Jahrling P Deni- son M R Rao S S Subbarao K Kwong P D Mascola J R Kong W P Graham B S | 2015 | Nat Commun2015，6，： | 1 |
| 20 | Molecular characterization of epiphytie bacteria communities on charophycean green algae 显示文摘 | Fisher M M Wileox L W Graham L E | 1998 | Appl Environ Microbiol1998，64，11： | 1 |
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