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| 1 | Risk for emerging bipolar disorder, variants, and symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, now grown up显示文摘AIM: To determine the prevalence of bipolar disorder(BD) and sub-threshold symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) through 14 years' follow-up, when participants were between 21-24 years old.METHODS: First, we examined rates of BD type Ⅰ?and Ⅱ diagnoses in youth participating in the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD(MTA). We used the diagnostic interview schedule for children(DISC), administered to both parents(DISC-P) and youth(DISCY). We compared the MTA study subjects with ADHD(n = 579) to a local normative comparison group(LNCG, n = 289) at 4 different assessment points: 6, 8, 12, and 14 years of follow-ups. To evaluate the bipolar variants, we compared total symptom counts(TSC) of DSM manic and hypomanic symptoms that were generated by DISC in ADHD and LNCG subjects. Then we sub-divided the TSC into pathognomonic manic(PM) and non-specific manic(NSM) symptoms. We compared the PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG at each assessment point and over time. We also evaluated the irritability as category A2 manic symptom in both groups and over time. Finally, we studied the irritability symptom in correlation with PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG subjects.RESULTS: DISC-generated BD diagnosis did not differ significantly in rates between ADHD(1.89%) and LNCG 1.38%). Interestingly, no participant met BD diagnosis more than once in the 4 assessment points in 14 years. However, on the symptom level, ADHD subjects reported significantly higher mean TSC scores: ADHD 3.0; LNCG 1.7; P < 0.001. ADHD status was associated with higher mean NSM: ADHD 2.0 vs LNCG 1.1; P < 0.0001. Also, ADHD subjects had higher PM symptoms than LNCG, with PM means over all time points of 1.3 ADHD; 0.9 LNCG; P = 0.0001. Examining both NSM and PM, ADHD status associated with greater NSM than PM. However, Over 14 years, the NSM symptoms declined and changed to PM over time(df 3, 2523; F = 20.1; P < 0.0001). Finally, Irritability(BD DSM criterion-A2) rates were significantly higher in ADHD than LNCG(χ2 = 122.2, P < 0.0001), but irritability was associated more strongly with NSM than PM(df 3, 2538; F = 43.2; P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Individuals with ADHD do not appear to be at significantly greater risk for developing BD, but do show higher rates of BD symptoms, especially NSM. The greater linkage of irritability to NSM than to PM suggests caution when making BD diagnoses based on irritability alone as one of 2(A-level) symptoms for BD diagnosis, particularly in view of its frequent presentation with other psychopathologies. | Ahmed Z Elmaadawi Peter S Jensen L Eugene Arnold Brooke SG Molina Lily Hechtman Howard B Abikoff Stephen P Hinshaw Jeffrey H Newcorn Laurence Lee Greenhill James M Swanson Cathryn A Galanter | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，4： | 3 |
| 2 | B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory molecules activate differentially the Th1/Th2 developmental pathways: Application to autoimmune disease therapy显示文摘 | Vijay K Kuchroo Mercy Prabhu Das Julia A Brown Ann M Ranger Scott S Zamvil Raymond A Sobel Howard L Weiner Nasrin Nabavi Laurie H Glimcher | 1995 | Cell1995，，5： | 2 |
| 3 | phenomena of scintillation noise in radar-tracking system显示文摘 | Dunn J H Howard D D king A M | 1959 | Proceedings of IRE1959，47，5： | 1 |
| 4 | Seismic performance assessment of water delivery systems显示文摘 | Hwang Howard H M Lin Huijie Shinozuka Masanobu | 1998 | Journal of Infrastructure Systems:ASCE1998，4，3： | 1 |
| 5 | Exacerbation of Acanthamoeba keratitis in animals treated with anti-macrophage inflammatory protein 2 or antineutrophil antibodies显示文摘 | Hurt M Apte S Leher H Howard K Niederkorn J Alizadeh H | 2001 | Infect Immun2001，69，： | 1 |
| 6 | Wound healing dressings and drug delivery systems: A review显示文摘 | Joshua S B Kerr H M Howard N E S | 2008 | J Pharma- ceutical Sci2008，97，8： | 1 |
| 7 | Experimental Investigation of the Steady and Unsteady relative Flow in a Model Centrifugal Impeller Passage显示文摘 | Abramian M Howard J H G | 1994 | ASME Journal of Turbomachinery1994，116，： | 1 |
| 8 | The prevalence of amtibiotic resistance in Haremophilus in fluenzae in wales显示文摘 | HOWARD A J WILLMAS H M | 1988 | Antimicrob Chemother1988，21，： | 1 |
| 9 | Dynamic response and wave propagation in plane masses and frames显示文摘 | PAO Y H KEH D C HOWARD S M | 1999 | AIAA J1999，37，： | 1 |
| 10 | Relationships between CO2 evolution, moisture content, and temperature for a range of soil types显示文摘 | Howard D M H | 1993 | Soil Biology and biochemistry1993，25，： | 1 |
| 11 | Seismic Performance Evaluation of Fire Stations in Shelby Country, Tennessee 显示文摘 | Howard H M Hwang EERI M Huijie Lin | 1997 | Journal of Earthquake Spectra1997，13，4： | 1 |
| 12 | Improved method for estimating bioconcentration/bioaccumulation factor from octanol/water partition coefficient显示文摘 | MEYLAN W M HOWARD P H BOETHLING R S | 1999 | Environ Toxicol Chem1999，18，4： | 1 |
| 13 | Neuroprotective signaling pathways are modulated by adenosine in the anoxia tolerant turtle显示文摘 | GAURI H N HOWARD M P SARAH L M | 2011 | J Cereb Blood Flow Metab2011，31，2： | 1 |
| 14 | Fish kills linked to a toxic ambushpredator dinoflagellate:distribution and environmental conditions显示文摘 | Burkholder J M Howard B G Jr Cecil W H | 1995 | Mar Ecol Prog Set1995，124，： | 1 |
| 15 | Analysis and experiments on stress waves in planar trusses 显示文摘 | Howard S M Pao Y H | 1998 | Journal of Engineering Mechanics1998，124，8： | 1 |
| 16 | Analysis and Experiment on Stress Waves in Planar Trusses 显示文摘 | Howard S M Pao Y H | 1998 | Journal of Engineering Mechan- ics1998，124，8： | 1 |
| 17 | Functional characterization of ERplS, a new endoplasmic reticulum-located thioredoxin superfamily member显示文摘 | Alanen H I Williamson R A Howard M J | 2003 | J Biol Chem2003，278，28： | 1 |
| 18 | Intracellular hydrolysis of short chain glycerides by rat small intestine in vitro and transfer of glycerol显示文摘 | J Howard M J Jackson D H Smyth | 1970 | The Journal of Physiology1970，，208： | 1 |
| 19 | The role of uric acid and other crystals in osteoarthritis显示文摘 | NOWATZKY J HOWARD R PILLINGER M H | 2010 | Curr Rheumatol Rep2010，12，2： | 1 |
| 20 | Effect of Stage 0 Sporulation Mutations on Subtilisin Expression显示文摘 | Ferrari E Howard S M H Hoch J A | 1986 | J Bacteriol1986，166，： | 1 |
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