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| 1 | 肛裂临床诊治指南(第三次修订)显示文摘“美国结直肠外科医师协会(American Societyof ColonandRectal Surgeons.ASCRS)”(协会)致力于推进结直肠和肛门疾病的相关理论以及预防和诊疗水平的提高,给患者提供优质的医疗服务。“标准委员会”由协会中在结直肠外科方面有显著专长的成员组成。该委员会的建立是为了引领国际结直肠和肛门疾病诊治的发展,以建立具有循证医学证据的临床诊疗指南。指南是涵盖性的,非指令性的,目的是为临床决策提供信息,而非具体的治疗方法。指南适用于所有相关的医护人员以及希望得到相应指南中疾病的相关诊治信息的患者。 | Farshid Araghizadeh ~ Robin Boushey Sridhar Chalasani George Chang Robert Cima Gary Dunn Daniel Feingold Philip Fleshner Daniel Geisler Jill Genua Sharon Gregorcyk Daniel Herzig Andreas Kaiser Ravin Kumar David Larson Steven Mills John Monson P. Terry Phang Feza Remzi David Rivadeneira Howard Ross Peter Senatore Elin Sigurdson Thomas Stahl Scott Steele Scott Strong Charles Tement Judith Trudel Madhulika Varnna Martin Weiser 丁义江(译) 皇甫少华(译) 丁曙晴(译) | 2013 | 中华胃肠外科杂志2013，16，7： | 70 |
| 2 | 缺血性卒中患者的早期处理指南——美国卒中学会卒中委员会科学声明显示文摘1994年,美国心脏学会(AHA)卒中委员会委托一个专门研究小组撰写了急性缺血性卒中患者的处理指南[1].1996年,在静脉rtPA治疗急性缺血性卒中得到食品与药物管理局(FDA)批准后,这项指南又补充了一系列的推荐[2]. | 曲东锋 陈兴洲 李宏建 倪长江 Harold P.Adams Jr Robert J.Adams Thomas Brott Gregory J.del Zoppo Anthony Furlan Larry B.Goldstein Robert L.Grubb Randall Higashida Chelsea Kidwell Thomas G.Kwiatkowski John R.Marler George J.Hadermenos | 2003 | 国外医学(脑血管疾病分册)2003，11，5： | 57 |
| 3 | Update in management of mesenteric ischemia显示文摘肠系膜局部缺血混乱被剥夺一或几个腹的机关遇见新陈代谢的要求足够的呼吸的一个发行量不足事件猛抛。尽管 mes 伤寒局部缺血不经常发生,死亡率从 60% ~ 100% ,依靠阻塞的消息提供者。成功的结果依赖于怀疑和迅速的管理的一个高索引。我们简短考察病理生理学和演讲各种各样是化学家实体并且在诊断和治疗考察当前的现状。尽管有在诊断和治疗的进展,迅速的诊断和支持的照顾为成功的结果仍然保持批评。新成像技术,血管内治疗和新兴的研究可以改进我们的途径到这个致命的条件。 | Robert W Chang John B Chang Walter E Longo | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，20： | 38 |
| 4 | Models and estimators linking individual-based and sample-based rarefaction, extrapolation and comparison of assemblages显示文摘Aims In ecology and conservation biology,the number of species counted in a biodiversity study is a key metric but is usually a biased underestimate of total species richness because many rare species are not detected.Moreover,comparing species richness among sites or samples is a statistical challenge because the observed number of species is sensitive to the number of individuals counted or the area sampled.For individual-based data,we treat a single,empirical sample of species abundances from an investigator-defined species assemblage or community as a reference point for two estimation objectives under two sampling models:estimating the expected number of species(and its unconditional variance)in a random sample of(i)a smaller number of individuals(multinomial model)or a smaller area sampled(Poisson model)and(ii)a larger number of individuals or a larger area sampled.For sample-based incidence(presence–absence)data,under a Bernoulli product model,we treat a single set of species incidence frequencies as the reference point to estimate richness for smaller and larger numbers of sampling units.Methods The first objective is a problem in interpolation that we address with classical rarefaction(multinomial model)and Coleman rarefaction(Poisson model)for individual-based data and with sample-based rarefaction(Bernoulli product model)for incidence frequencies.The second is a problem in extrapolation that we address with sampling-theoretic predictors for the number of species in a larger sample(multinomial model),a larger area(Poisson model)or a larger number of sampling units(Bernoulli product model),based on an estimate of asymptotic species richness.Although published methods exist for many of these objectives,we bring them together here with some new estimators under a unified statistical and notational framework.This novel integration of mathematically distinct approaches allowed us to link interpolated(rarefaction)curves and extrapolated curves to plot a unified species accumulation curve for empirical examples.We provide new,unconditional variance estimators for classical,individual-based rarefaction and for Coleman rarefaction,long missing from the toolkit of biodiversity measurement.We illustrate these methods with datasets for tropical beetles,tropical trees and tropical ants.Important Findings Surprisingly,for all datasets we examined,the interpolation(rarefaction)curve and the extrapolation curve meet smoothly at the reference sample,yielding a single curve.Moreover,curves representing 95%confidence intervals for interpolated and extrapolated richness estimates also meet smoothly,allowing rigorous statistical comparison of samples not only for rarefaction but also for extrapolated richness values.The confidence intervals widen as the extrapolation moves further beyond the reference sample,but the method gives reasonable results for extrapolations up to about double or triple the original abundance or area of the reference sample.We found that the multinomial and Poisson models produced indistinguishable results,in units of estimated species,for all estimators and datasets.For sample-based abundance data,which allows the comparison of all three models,the Bernoulli product model generally yields lower richness estimates for rarefied data than either the multinomial or the Poisson models because of the ubiquity of non-random spatial distributions in nature. | Robert K.Colwell Anne Chao Nicholas J.Gotelli Shang-Yi Lin Chang Xuan Mao Robin L.Chazdon John T.Longino | 2012 | Journal of Plant Ecology2012，5，1： | 37 |
| 5 | 东昆仑及相邻地区中生代—新生代早期构造过程的热年代学记录显示文摘针对东昆仑及相邻地区研究较薄弱的中生代-新生代早期时段的构造过程提供了系列新的热年代学资料.不同热年代学方法综合揭示了东昆仑及相邻地区在中生代-新生代早期至少存在3次明显的热事件记录.第一次大约启动于200Ma的晚三叠世晚期,并可能一直延续到早中侏罗世之交,是一次具有广泛影响并奠定造山带区域构造格架的构造热事件.区域动力背景可能和南部羌塘地块与昆仑地块的碰撞、松潘-甘孜-巴颜喀拉浊积盆地闭合相关.第二次发生在大约130-150Ma的早白垩世,并可能延续到早白垩世末,主要表现为系列区域性NWW—SEE向的挤压性断裂活动,可对应于白垩纪时期拉萨地块沿班公湖-怒江缝合带与欧亚大陆的增生拼贴事件.第三次为大约56-45Ma的古新世,表现为一期伸展抬升.热年代学记录与零星保存的地质记录具有良好的匹配性,并对构造过程提供了更确切的时间限定. | 王国灿 向树元 王岸 John I.Garver Robert P.Wintsch 张克信 | 2007 | 地球科学(中国地质大学学报)2007，32，5： | 31 |
| 6 | 缺血性卒中的一级预防——美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会卒中委员会指南 动脉粥样硬化性周围血管病跨学科工作组、心血管护理委员会、临床心脏病学委员会、营养、体力活动和代谢委员会以及医疗质量和转归研究跨学科工作组共同倡导显示文摘背景和目的本指南提供有关各种确定和潜在的卒中危险因素证据的概述,并提供降低卒中风险的推荐。方法写作组成员由委员会主席根据每位作者先前在相关课题领域中的工作提名,并经美国心脏协会(AHA)卒中委员会科学声明监督委员会批准。写作组采用系统文献回顾(涵盖时间段为2001年最后一次回顾发表到2005年1月),参考先前已发表的指南、个人文件和专家意见来概括现有的证据,指明现有知识的差距;如果合适,则根据标准的AHA标准做出简明的推荐。写作组全体成员在撰写过程中均有很多机会对推荐进行评论并认可这份声明的最终版本。在AHA科学咨询与协调委员会批准之前,本指南已进行过广泛的同行评议。结果对评价个体首次卒中风险的流程图进行评估。根据干预的可能性(不可干预、可干预或潜在可干预)和证据的强度(证据充分或证据不太充分),对首次卒中的危险因素或风险标记物进行分类。不可干预的危险因素包括年龄、性别、出生体重低、人种/种族和遗传因素。证据充分的可干预危险因素包括高血压、主动或被动吸烟、糖尿病、心房颤动和某些其他心脏病、血脂异常、颈动脉狭窄、镰状细胞病、绝经后激素治疗、不良饮食习惯、缺乏体力活动、肥胖和体脂分布。证据不太充分或潜在的可干预危险因素包括代谢综合征、酗酒、药物滥用、口服避孕药、睡眠呼吸障碍、偏头痛、高同型半胱氨酸血症、脂蛋白(a)升高、脂蛋白相关的磷脂酶升高、高凝状态、炎症和感染。对应用阿司匹林进行卒中一级预防的资料进行回顾。结论有大量证据可以用于确定增加首次卒中风险的各种特殊因素和提供降低这种风险的策略。 | Larry B. Goldstein Robert Adams Mark J. Alberts Lawrence J. Appel Lawrence M. Brass Cheryl D. Bushnell Antonio Culebras Thomas J. DeGraba Philip B. Gorelick John R. Guyton Robert G. Hart George Howard Margaret Kelly-Hayes J.V. (Ian) Nixon Ralph L. Sacco 苏克江 高宗恩 | 2006 | 国际脑血管病杂志2006，14，8： | 28 |
| 7 | 动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血处理指南 美国心脏协会卒中委员会特别写作组给医疗专业人员的声明显示文摘蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)是一种常见病,常常导致严重后果,约占全部卒中病例的5%,在美国每年有多达3万人罹患该病。美国心脏协会(American Heart Association,AHA)曾发表过“动脉瘤性SAH处理指南”。此后,在血管内技术、诊断方法以及手术和围手术期管理方面已取得了显著进展。尽管如此,SAH患者的预后依然较差,基于人群研究报告的病死率高达45%,并且存活者会遗留严重残疾。一些多中心前瞻性随机试验和前瞻性队列分析已对SAH的治疗方案产生影响。然而, | Joshua B. Bederson E. Sander Connolly H. Hunt Batjer Ralph G. Dacey Jacques E. Dion Michael N. Diringer John E. Duldner Robert E. Harbaugh Aman B. Patel Robert H. Rosenwasser 高翔(译) 李洛(译) 李海峰(译) | 2009 | 国际脑血管病杂志2009，17，4： | 24 |
| 8 | Management of necrotizing pancreatitis显示文摘Infection complicating pancreatic necrosis leads to persisting sepsis, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and accounts for about half the deaths that occur following acute pancreatitis. Severe cases due to gallstones require urgent endoscopic sphincterotomy. Patients with pancreatic necrosis should be followed with serial contrast enhanced computed tomography (CE-CT) and if infection is suspected fine needle aspiration of the necrotic area for bacteriology (FNAB) should be undertaken. Treatment of sterile necrosis should initially be non-operative. In the presence of infection necrosectomy is indicated. Although traditionally this has been by open surgery, minimally invasive procedures are a promising new alternative. There are many unresolved issues in the management of pancreatic necrosis. These include, the use of antibiotic prophylaxis, the precise indications for and frequency of repeat CE-CT and FNAB,and the role of enteral feeding. | John Slavin Paula Ghaneh Robert Sutton Mark Hartley Peter Rowlands Conall Garvey Mark Hughes John Neoptolemos | 2001 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2001，7，4： | 21 |
| 9 | 内侧固定平台单髁置换术后的冠状面下肢力线是翻修的影响因素显示文摘膝关节单髁置换术(unicompartmental knee arthroplasty,UKA)后患者冠状面的下肢力线被认为是影响手术长期疗效的一个重要因素,但关于最佳的UKA术后下肢力线还没有形成明确共识。一些研究主张术后下肢力线应保持在中立位,而另一些研究认为即使术后下肢力线存在10°的内翻也可获得良好的临床效果。 | Sean E Slaven John P Cody Robert A Sershon Henry Ho Robert H Hopper Jr Kevin B Fricka 李亚坤(整理) 张民(整理) | 2020 | 实用骨科杂志2020，26，12： | 15 |
| 10 | 美国人类受试者使用的历史显示文摘所有关于研究伦理的国际法典及实际中的关于人体受试者研究领域的各国立法及规则都表明了保护主义的姿态。他们的主旨是保护个人不受伤害和剥削。这种保护主义姿态有其重要的历史原因 ,起草这些文件具有这样的目的 :保证像被纳粹医生—研究者犯下的罪行。试验药物Thalidomide引发的灾难及Tuskegee梅毒研究对伦理道德的亵渎永远不会重演。近些年来社会对临床研究的理解已发生了戏剧性转变。如经AIDS积极分子努力的结果 ,人们已以宽容和有益的心态广泛接受临床试验。虽然这种姿态的转变已产生了在指导进行临床研究方面的政策及实践某些重要的改善 ,但人们必须认识到 ,这种新的接受正像先前的过度保护主义一样的错误 ,其应该维护一个平衡的比例。我们的政策应反映出鼓励符合伦理学的研究的要求 ,同时要保持必要的防范以保护受试者的权益。 | Robert John Levine 张健 | 2001 | 医学与哲学2001，22，12： | 14 |
| 11 | Cyclooxygenase-2 and epithelial growth factor receptor up-regulation during progression of Barrett's esophagus to adenocarcinoma显示文摘瞄准:在整个 Barretts 食管的前进调查 cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2 ) 和上皮的生长因素受体(EGFR ) 的表示() 。方法:COX-2 和 EGFR 蛋白质表情被使用免疫检测组织化学的方法。详细 cytomorphological 改变的 A 是坚定的。COX-2 和 EGFR 表示的区域被使用计算机成像系统确定。结果:COX-2 和 EGFR 的表情与前进一起增加了从到食管腺癌(EAC ) 。积极关联在 COX-2 表示和 EGFR 表示之间被发现。结论:COX-2 和 EGFR 可能在逐步的前进从是合作的到 EAC,从而导致致癌作用。 | Yan Li John M Wo Mukunda B Ray Whitney Jones Ruifeng R Su Susan Ellis Robert C G Martin | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，6： | 14 |
| 12 | 更好地报告随机试验中的危害:CONSORT声明扩展版显示文摘面对随机对照试验(RCTs)报告质量过低的种种确凿证据和严重后果,许多医学杂志及编辑小组现已接受并支持一份包含有22个条目的清单和一个流程图的CONSORT声明(试验报告统一标准)。由于CONSORT的主旨是提高干预措施疗效的报告质量,故其中只有一个条目是具体针对安全性的。大量证据表明,报告RCT中的危害的相关数据的报告质量有待提高。2003年5月,CONSORT小组成员,包括杂志编辑和科学家,齐聚加拿大魁北克省Mentoebello探讨了这一问题,并形成以下文件:标准CONSORT清单附带报告危害相关问题的10个新推荐意见,并附上说明及恰当报告的实例。我们希望该声明连同其它CONSORT相关材料(www.consort-statement.org)将有助于作者提高RCT报告中与危害相关数据的报告质量。高质量报告有助于读者批判性评价和诠释试验结果。各杂志可通过修改稿约来向作者传达这一文件以支持这一目标。 | John P.A.Ioannidis Stephen J.W.Evans Peter C.G■tzsche Robert T.O’Neill Douglas G.Altman Kenneth Schulz David Moher 杜亮 | 2006 | 中国循证医学杂志2006，6，9： | 12 |
| 13 | 应对PRRS病毒—认识、控制和清除显示文摘多年以来,许多养猪业主的猪群一直遭受着PRRS病毒的困扰。目前还没有长期有效的治疗措施。受影响的业主只能采取切实可行的PRRS病毒控制和清除策略来减少损失。在各生产阶段,PRRS病毒的最初来源都是母猪群。如果要对保育猪场和育肥猪场实现确实有效的控制,则必须先完成对母猪场的控制。当试图控制或清除PRRS病毒时,应注意母猪场以下几个特有的生物学要点。了解这些要点是设计和实行PRRS病毒控制或清除计划的前提条件。 | John Roberts 张立昌 王科文 | 2007 | 养猪2007，，2： | 11 |
| 14 | A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C显示文摘 | Chun-Tao Wai Joel K. Greenson Robert J. Fontana John D. Kalbfleisch Jorge A. Marrero Hari S. Conjeevaram Anna S.-F. Lok | 2003 | Hepatology2003，，2： | 11 |
| 15 | Technical and conceptual considerations forusing animated stimuli in studies of animalbehavior显示文摘Rapid technical advances in the field of computeropened new avenues in animal behavior research.animation (CA) and virtual reality (VR) haveAnimated stimuli are powerful tools as theyoffer standardization, repeatability, and complete control over the stimulus presented, thereby"reducing" and "replacing" the animals used, and "refining" the experimental design in line withthe 3Rs. However, appropriate use of these technologies raises conceptual and technical questions.In this review, we offer guidelines for common technical and conceptual considerations related tothe use of animated stimuli in animal behavior research. Following the steps required to create ananimated stimulus, we discuss (I) the creation, (11) the presentation, and (111) the validation of CAsand VRs. Although our review is geared toward computer-graphically designed stimuli, consider-ations on presentation and validation also apply to video playbacks. CA and VR allow both new be-havioral questions to be addressed and existing questions to be addressed in new ways, thus weexpect a rich future for these methods in both ultimate and proximate studies of animal behavior. | Laura CHOUINARD-THULY Stefanie GIERSZEWSKI Gil G. ROSENTHAL Simon M. READER Guillaume RIEUCAU Kevin L. Woo Robert GERLAI Cynthia TEDORE Spencer J. INGLEY John R. STOWERS Joachim G.FROMMENI Francine L. DOLINS Klaudia WITTE | 2017 | Current Zoology2017，63，1： | 10 |
| 16 | Global characterization and monitoring of forest cover using Landsat data: opportunities and challenges显示文摘The compilation of global Landsat data-sets and the ever-lowering costs of computing now make it feasible to monitor the Earth’s land cover at Landsat resolutions of 30 m.In this article,we describe the methods to create global products of forest cover and cover change at Landsat resolutions.Nevertheless,there are many challenges in ensuring the creation of high-quality products.And we propose various ways in which the challenges can be overcome.Among the challenges are the need for atmospheric correction,incorrect calibration coefficients in some of the data-sets,the different phenologies between compila-tions,the need for terrain correction,the lack of consistent reference data for training and accuracy assessment,and the need for highly automated character-ization and change detection.We propose and evaluate the creation and use of surface reflectance products,improved selection of scenes to reduce phenological differences,terrain illumination correction,automated training selection,and the use of information extraction procedures robust to errors in training data along with several other issues.At several stages we use Moderate Resolution Spectro-radiometer data and products to assist our analysis.A global working prototype product of forest cover and forest cover change is included. | John R.Townshend Jeffrey G.Masek Chengquan Huang Eric.F.Vermote Feng Gao Saurabh Channan Joseph O.Sexton Min Feng Raghuram Narasimhan Dohyung Kim Kuan Song Danxia Song Xiao-Peng Song Praveen Noojipady Bin Tan Matthew C.Hansen Mengxue Li Robert E.Wolfe | 2012 | International Journal of Digital Earth2012，5，5： | 10 |
| 17 | Recent trends in the surgical management of inflammatory bowel disease显示文摘Surgery is required in the vast majority of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and in approximately one-third of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Similar to medical treatments for IBD, significant advances have occurred in surgery. Advances in CD include an emphasis upon conservatism as exemplified by more limited resections, strictureplasties, and laparoscopic resections. The use of probiotics in selected patients has improved the outcome in patients with pouchitis following restorative proctocolectomy for UC. It is anticipated that ongoing discoveries in the molecular basis of IBD will in turn identify those patients who will best respond to surgery. | Robert E Roses John L Rombeau | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，3： | 10 |
| 18 | 东昆仑东段哈拉郭勒—哈图一带中生代的岩石隆升剥露——锆石和磷灰石裂变径迹年代学证据显示文摘根据对东昆仑地区东段哈拉郭勒—哈图一带不同高度基岩的系列锆石裂变径迹年龄分析,结合磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分析和中酸性侵入岩角闪石压力计分析揭示了东昆仑东段中生代的岩石隆升剥露冷却历史.巴隆哈图一带中酸性侵入岩角闪石压力计分析结果反映晚海西—印支期以来的总体剥露幅度约8~9km,早二叠世至晚三叠世初剥蚀作用极为缓慢,大约为20~40m/Ma.不同高程样品的锆石裂变径迹年龄分析结果揭示了东昆仑地区东段在中晚侏罗世处于缓慢的岩石隆升剥露阶段,其中中侏罗世相对较快,抬升速率77~88m/Ma,晚侏罗世相对较慢,抬升速率小于37m/Ma,且呈减慢趋势,这种减慢趋势反映了早中侏罗世之交强构造抬升期后的逐渐衰退.锆石裂变径迹—磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分析结果反映了中侏罗世以来的剥蚀速率一般不超过55m/Ma,岩石的剥蚀速率与岩石的抬升速率基本为同一量级,中侏罗世—白垩纪剥蚀作用与岩石抬升作用基本处于平衡状态. | 王国灿 向树元 John I.Garver Robert P.Wintsch Mary Roden-Tice | 2003 | 地球科学(中国地质大学学报)2003，28，6： | 10 |
| 19 | Risk Factors for Survival after Lung Metastasectomy in Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis显示文摘 | Michel Gonzalez Antoine Poncet Christophe Combescure John Robert Hans Beat Ris Pascal Gervaz | 2013 | Annals of Surgical Oncology2013，，2： | 9 |
| 20 | Classification and Grading of Gastritis: The Updated Sydney System显示文摘 | Michael F. Dixon Robert M. Genta John H. Yardley Pelayo Correa | 1996 | The American Journal of Surgical Pathology1996，，10： | 8 |
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