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| 1 | Controversies in fluid therapy: Type, dose and toxicity显示文摘Fluid therapy is perhaps the most common intervention received by acutely ill hospitalized patients; however, a number of critical questions on the efficacy and safety of the type and dose remain. In this review, recent insights derived from randomized trials in terms of fluid type, dose and toxicity are discussed. We contend that the prescription of fluid therapy is context-specific and that any fluid can be harmful if administered inappropriately. When contrasting ‘‘crystalloid vs colloid'', differences in efficacy are modest but differences in safety are significant. Differences in chloride load and strong ion difference across solutions appear to be clinically important. Phases of fluid therapy in acutely ill patients are recognized, including acute resuscitation, maintaining homeostasis, and recovery phases. Quantitative toxicity(fluid overload) is associated with adverse outcomes and can be mitigated when fluid therapy basedon functional hemodynamic parameters that predict volume responsiveness and minimization of non-essential fluid. Qualitative toxicity(fluid type), in particular for iatrogenic acute kidney injury and metabolic acidosis, remain a concern for synthetic colloids and isotonic saline, respectively. Physiologically balanced crystalloids may be the ‘‘default'' fluid for acutely ill patients and the role for colloids, in particular hydroxyethyl starch, is increasingly unclear. We contend the prescription of fluid therapy is analogous to the prescription of any drug used in critically ill patients. | Robert C McDermid Karthik Raghunathan Adam Romanovsky Andrew D Shaw Sean M Bagshaw | 2014 | World Journal of Critical Care Medicine2014，3，1： | 5 |
| 2 | A metagenomic survey of microbes in honey bee colony collapse disorder显示文摘 | Cox-Foster D L Sean C Holmes EC | 2007 | Science2007，318，5848： | 1 |
| 3 | Virus removal during simulated soil-aquifer treatment显示文摘 | Quanrud D M Sean M C Charles P G | 2003 | Water Res2003，37，4： | 1 |
| 4 | Duration of lipid peroxida- tion after acute spinal cord injury in rats and the effect of methylprednisolone显示文摘 | Sean D C Ben C B Tanya M | 2008 | Neurosurg Focus2008，25，5： | 1 |
| 5 | Advances in the biology,diagnosis and host-pathogen interactions of parvovirus B19显示文摘 | AMANDA C SEAN D | 2004 | J Med Microbiol2004，53，6： | 1 |
| 6 | Determining the impact of degree of blending and quality of reclaimed asphalt pavement on predicted pavement performance using pavement ME design显示文摘 | Sean C Eric D Yusuf M | 2013 | Construction and Building Materials2013，48，： | 1 |
| 7 | Advances in the biology, diagnosis and host -pathogen interactions of parvovirus B19 显示文摘 | Amanda C Sean D | 2004 | J Med Microbiol2004，53，： | 1 |
| 8 | The impact of congestion charging on vehicle emissions in London显示文摘 | Beevers Sean D Carslaw David C | 2005 | Atmospheric Environment2005，39，1： | 1 |
| 9 | Role of AIF in caspase-dependent and caspase-independent cell death 显示文摘 | Sean P C Valina L D Ruth S S | 2004 | Oncogene2004，23，： | 1 |
| 10 | Glacier-mediated streamflow teleconnections to the Arctic Oscillation显示文摘 | Sean W Fleming R D Moore Garry K C Clarke | 2006 | International Journal of Climatology2006，26，： | 1 |
| 11 | First GOCE gravity field models derived by three different approaches显示文摘 | Roland P Sean B Federica M Christoph F Helmut G Wolf D S Eduand H Mirko R Jan M B Oleg A Mantin V Thomas F Reinhard M Ina K Fernando S and Carl C T | | 0，，11： | 1 |
| 12 | Virus removal during simulated soil aquifer treatment 显示文摘 | Quanrud D M Sean M C Charles P G | 2003 | Water Research2003，37，： | 1 |
| 13 | Drained shear strength parameters for analysis of landslides 显示文摘 | Timothy D S Choi H Sean M C | 2005 | Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering2005，31，5： | 1 |
| 14 | Gender differences in physical self -perceptions global self-esteem,and physical activity: Evaluation of the physical self - perception profile model显示文摘 | HAYES SEAN D C POTER R E | 1998 | J Sport Behavior1998，22，1： | 1 |
| 15 | Advances in the biology,diagnosis and hostpathogen interactions of parvovirus B19显示文摘 | Amanda C Sean D | 2004 | Med Microbiol2004，53，： | 1 |
| 16 | Drained shear strength parameters for analysis of landslides显示文摘 | TIMOTHY D S HANGSEOK C SEAN M | 2005 | Journal of Geotechnieal and Geoenvironmental Engineering2005，31，5： | 1 |
| 17 | Aggressive surgical effort and improved survival in advanced-stage ovarian cancer显示文摘 | Giovanni D Aletti Sean C Dowdy Bobbie S Gostout et 81 | 2006 | Obstet Gynecol2006，107，1： | 1 |
| 18 | HMMER web server:interactive sequence similarity searching显示文摘 | Robert D F Jody C Sean R E | 2011 | Nucleic Acids Re- search2011，39，： | 1 |
| 19 | Evidence - based clinical practice guideline for the prevention of ventilator - associated pneumonia显示文摘 | Peter D Sean K Deborah C | 2004 | Ann Intern Med2004，141，： | 1 |
| 20 | The loss of natural habitats and the addition of artificial substrata 显示文摘 | Laura A Sean D C Michael W B | 2009 | Marine Hard Bottom Communities Ecological Studies2009，206，4： | 1 |
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