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| 1 | Cryospheric Science: research framework and disciplinary system显示文摘Cryospheric changes and their impacts have received increasing concern, extending the research to include the interactions between earth spheres and the impacts of and social adaptation to cryospheric changes. As a result, Cryospheric Science is rapidly developing. However, the research framework of Cryospheric Science has not completely been set up, and the intension and extension of Cryospheric Science are unclear.Following a literature review, the research framework for Cryospheric Science and the discipline components are analysed in this paper. We consider that Cryospheric Science is an inevitable product of international research on the earth and environmental changes as well as on human sustainable development. It will not only strengthen the linkage between the cryosphere and other earth spheres by deepening traditional research areas, but will also bring more focus on the critical roles of the cryosphere in interactions between earth spheres, and will enhance the relationship between cryospheric change and climate, ecology, hydrology, surface environment and sustainable development. The disciplinary tree of Cryospheric Science is developed following the mainstream of change-impacts adaptation. The disciplines of Cryospheric Science were teased out against characteristics of traditional branches and the developing interdisciplinary branches of cryosphere elements, which will provide reference to Cryospheric Science as it systematically grows to maturity. | Dahe Qin Yongjian Ding Cunde Xiao Shichang Kang Jianwen Ren Jianping Yang Shiqiang Zhang | 2018 | National Science Review2018，5，2： | 42 |
| 2 | Global warming weakening the inherent stability of glaciers and permafrost显示文摘The Cryosphere has been undergoing a worldwide retreat, as seen in the decrease in the areal extent and volume of glaciers and in the areal extent of permafrost. This paper presents a systematic examination of the inherent stability changes of glaciers and permafrost caused by warming. Various study results suggest that over the past 30 years, the internal temperature of glaciers and permafrost exhibits an overall accelerating warming trend. The warming rate peaked in the mid-2000s and slowed slightly for several years afterward. In recent years, however, the warming rate has seemed to pick up again. The warming of glaciers and permafrost has exerted great impact on their stability, displayed as intensified melting,increased glacier surging, enlargement of supraglacial lakes, and increased permafrost degradation.Even without a future temperature increase, some glaciers will continue to shrink, and the number of surging glaciers will increase. The transition from low-temperature to high-temperature permafrost is a noticeable warning sign of a comprehensive degradation of permafrost. These results indicate that‘‘warming' glaciers and permafrost will exert significant impacts on the hydrology, ecology, and stability of engineering in cold regions. | Yongjian Ding Shiqiang Zhang Lin Zhao Zhongqin Li Shichang Kang | 2019 | Science Bulletin2019，64，4： | 37 |
| 3 | Linking atmospheric pollution to cryospheric change in the Third Pole region: current progress and future prospects显示文摘The Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings are known as the Third Pole(TP). This region is noted for its high rates of glacier melt and the associated hydrological shifts that affect water supplies in Asia. Atmospheric pollutants contribute to climatic and cryospheric changes through their effects on solar radiation and the albedos of snow and ice surfaces; moreover, the behavior and fates within the cryosphere and environmental impacts of environmental pollutants are topics of increasing concern. In this review, we introduce a coordinated monitoring and research framework and network to link atmospheric pollution and cryospheric changes(APCC) within the TP region. We then provide an up-to-date summary of progress and achievements related to the APCC research framework, including aspects of atmospheric pollution’s composition and concentration, spatial and temporal variations, trans-boundary transport pathways and mechanisms, and effects on the warming of atmosphere and changing in Indian monsoon, as well as melting of glacier and snow cover. We highlight that exogenous air pollutants can enter into the TP’s environments and cause great impacts on regional climatic and environmental changes. At last, we propose future research priorities and map out an extended program at the global scale. The ongoing monitoring activities and research facilitate comprehensive studies of atmosphere–cryosphere interactions, represent one of China’s key research expeditions to the TP and the polar regions and contribute to the global perspective of earth system science. | Shichang Kang Qianggong Zhang Yun Qian Zhenming Ji Chaoliu Li Zhiyuan Cong Yulan Zhang Junming Guo Wentao Du Jie Huang Qinglong You Arnico K.Panday Maheswar Rupakheti Deliang Chen Orjan Gustafsson Mark H.Thiemens Dahe Qin | 2019 | National Science Review2019，6，4： | 35 |
| 4 | Recent temperature increase recorded in an ice core in the source region of Yangtze River显示文摘Interests on climate change in the source region of Yangtze River have been raised since it is a region with the greatest warming over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). A 70-year history of precipitation δ^(18)O has been recovered using an ice core record retrieved in a plat portion of the firn area in the Guoqu Glacier (33°34′37.8″N, 91°10′35.3″E, 5720 m a.s.l.), Mt. Geladaindong (the source region of Yangtze River), in November, 2005. By using a significant positive relationship between ice core δ^(18)O record and summer air temperature (July to September) from the nearby meteorological stations, a history of summer air temperature has been reconstructed for the last 70 years. Summer temperature was relatively low in 1940s and high in 1950s to the middle of 1960s. The lowest temperature occurred in the middle of 1970s. Temperature was low in 1980s and dramatically increased since 1990s, keeping the trend to the begin-ning of the 21st century. The warming rate recorded in the ice core with 0.5℃/10 a since 1970s is much higher that that in the central TP and the Northern Hemisphere (NH), and it becomes 1.1℃/10 a since 1990s which is also higher than these from the central TP and the NH, reflecting an accelerated warm-ing and a more sensitive response to global warming in the high elevation region. | KANG ShiChang ZHANG YongJun QIN DaHe REN JiaWen ZHANG QiangGong Bjorn GRIGHOLM Paul A. MAYEWSKI | 2007 | Chinese Science Bulletin2007，52，6： | 27 |
| 5 | Water balance estimates of ten greatest lakes in China using ICESat and Landsat data显示文摘湖水平和区域变化对地区性的气候变化敏感并且能被用来间接地估计湖的水平衡。在这研究,在中国的 10 个最大的湖, 1000 km2 或更大,被检验在从在 2003 和 2009 之间记录的 ICESat 和 Landsat 数据分别地导出的湖水平和区域决定变化。湖水平和在西藏的高原( TP )和在东北中国的克辛凯·莱克的 Selin 公司, Nam 公司,和金海·莱克的区域的时间系列展出一个增加的趋势与在湖水平( 0.69 m/a )显示出最快的上升的 Selin 公司,区域( 32.59 km2/a ),和在 10 之中的体积( 1.25 km3/a )检验了湖。在北中国的干旱、半干旱的区域的 Bosten 和 Hulun 湖在湖水平和区域显示出衰落,与显示出在湖水平(0.43 m/a ) 和显示出最大的区域收缩(35.56 km2/a ) 的胡伦·莱克的最大的减少的博斯顿·莱克一起。然而,没有任何明显的趋势,在长江盆的中间降低活动范围的 Dongting, Poyang, Taihu,和 Hongze 湖介绍季节的可变性。湖水平和区域为 Selin 公司, Nam 公司, Qinghai, Poyang, Hulun,和 Bosten 湖显示出强壮的关联(R 2 > 0.80 ) 并且为 Taihu, Hongze,和 Xingkai 湖和为东方东廷·莱克(0.37 ) 的弱关联(0.70 ) 。湖水平变化和水体积变化在为所有湖的很好的同意(R 2 > 0.98 ) 。10 个湖的水平衡根据湖水平和区域变化被导出,与分别地显示出 9.08, 4.07, 2.88,和 1.09 km3 的积极的水预算的 Selin 公司, Nam 公司, Qinghai,和 Xingkai 湖。分别地, Bosten 和 Hulun 湖显示出 3.01 和 4.73 km3 的否定预算,沿着长江的四个湖不显示出明显的变化。对在这四个湖的湖水平和区域变化的可能的解释也被讨论。这研究建议遥感能为估计湖水平衡作为一个快、有效的工具服务的那颗卫星。 | ZHANG GuoQing XIE HongJie YAO TanDong KANG ShiChang | 2013 | Chinese Science Bulletin2013，58，31： | 25 |
| 6 | Mercury speciation and spatial distribution in surface waters of the Yarlung Zangbo River,Tibet显示文摘The Yarlung Zangbo River is the highest river in the world.It flows from west to east through the southern part of Tibet.The mercury(Hg)speciation and distribution in surface waters and soils near the bank of the Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries,the Lhasa and Niyang Rivers,were investigated in June 2007.Simultaneously,major water quality parameters were also measured at the same stations.Total Hg(THg)and total methylmercury(TMeHg)concentrations in surface waters of the Yarlung Zangbo River ranged from 1.46 to 4.99 ng/L and from 0.06 to 0.29 ng/L,respectively,representing the background levels in river systems of the Tibetan Plateau.Particulate Hg(PHg)accounted for 69%of the THg,and the two Hg species had a significant relationship(r=0.990,P<0.01).Approximately 61%of the spatial distribution of THg was controlled by the concentrations of total suspended particles(TSP).Reactive Hg(RHg)concentrations ranged from 0.10 to 0.36 ng/L,and this fraction may play a weak role in terms of the transport and fate of Hg in surface waters.Dissolved methylmercury(DMeHg)constituted 71%of the TMeHg and was significantly correlated with TMeHg(r=0.746,P<0.01).The spatial distribution of TMeHg is not strongly affected by environmental factors such as THg,RHg,temperature,pH,dissolved organic carbon(DOC),and TSP.In addition,the inflow of both the Lhasa and Niyang Rivers probably influences the concentrations of THg in surface waters of the mainstream, but such an effect is not obvious for TMeHg. | ZHENG Wei KANG ShiChang FENG XinBin ZHANG QiangGong LI ChaoLiu | 2010 | Chinese Science Bulletin2010，55，24： | 11 |
| 7 | Distribution and transportation of mercury from glacier to lake in the Qiangyong Glacier Basin, southern Tibetan Plateau, China显示文摘The Tibetan Plateau is home to the largest aggregate of glaciers outside the Polar Regions and is a source of fresh water to 1.4 billion people. Yet little is known about the transportation and cycling of Hg in high-elevation glacier basins on Tibetan Plateau. In this study, surface snow,glacier melting stream water and lake water samples were collected from the Qiangyong Glacier Basin. The spatiotemporal distribution and transportation of Hg from glacier to lake were investigated. Significant diurnal variations of dissolved Hg(DHg) concentrations were observed in the river water, with low concentrations in the morning(8:00 am–14:00 pm) and high concentrations in the afternoon(16:00 pm–20:00 pm). The DHg concentrations were exponentially correlated with runoff, which indicated that runoff was the dominant factor affecting DHg concentrations in the river water. Moreover, significant decreases of Hg were observed during transportation from glacier to lake. DHg adsorption onto particulates followed by the sedimentation of particulate-bound Hg(PHg) could be possible as an important Hg removal mechanism during the transportation process. Significant decreases in Hg concentrations were observed downstream of Xiao Qiangyong Lake, which indicated that the high-elevation lake system could significantly affect the distribution and transportation of Hg in the Qiangyong Glacier Basin. | Shiwei Sun | 2016 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2016，28，6： | 10 |
| 8 | Insights into mercury in glacier snow and its incorporation into meltwater runoff based on observations in the southern Tibetan Plateau显示文摘The Tibetan Plateau(TP) is recognized as 'Water Tower of Asia'. Yet our understanding of mechanisms influencing incorporation of mercury(Hg) into freshwater in mountain glaciers on the TP remains quite limited. Extensive sampling of environmental matrices(e.g., snow/ice)were conducted on the East Rongbuk glacier on Mt. Everest and Zhadang glacier on Mt.Nyainqentanglha for Hg speciation analysis. Speciated Hg behaved quite different during snowmelt: a preferential early release of DHg(dissolved Hg) was observed at the onset of snowmelt, whereas PHg(particulate-bound Hg) and THg(total Hg) become relatively enriched in snow and released later. Small fraction of Hg in snow was lost during a snowmelt day(18.9%–34.7%) with a large proportion(58.1%–87.3%) contributed by PHg decrease, indicating that the deposited Hg is most likely retained in glacier snow/ice. Furthermore, THg were positively correlated with PHg and crustal major ions(e.g., Ca^(2+), Mg^(2+)) during snowmelt, indicating that Hg is mainly migrated with particulates. The main pathway of Hg loss during snowmelt was most probably associated with release of PHg with meltwater, which was greatly influenced by ablation intensity of snow/ice. This should be paid particular concern as Hg preserved in mountain glaciers will mostly enter aquatic ecosystem as climate warms, impacting on downstream ecosystems adversely. Obvious decrease of THg during the downstream transport from glacier was observed with a large proportion contributed by PHg decrease. The main removal mechanism of Hg was associated with sedimentation of PHg during the transport process. | Shiwei Sun Shichang Kang Junming Guo Qianggong Zhang Rukumesh Paudyal Xuejun Sun Dahe Qin | 2018 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2018，30，6： | 9 |
| 9 | Clue to a thorough understanding of terahertz pulse generation by femtosecond laser filamentation显示文摘In this work, it has been demonstrated that in order to fully understand the terahertz(THz) pulse generation process during femtosecond laser filamentation, the interaction between THz wave and air plasma has to be taken into account. This interaction is mainly associated with the spatial confinement of the THz pulse by the plasma column, which could be described by the one-dimensional negative dielectric(1DND) waveguide model. By combining the 1 DND model with the conventional four-wave mixing(4WM) and photocurrent(PC) models,the variation of THz spectral amplitude and width obtained in experiments could be better understood. Finally, a three-step procedure, with 1DND bridging 4WM and PC processes, has been established for the first time to describe the underlying mechanism of THz radiation from plasma sources. | JIAYU ZHAO WEIWEI LIU SHICHANG LI DAN LU YIZHU ZHANG YAN PENG YIMING ZHU SONGLIN ZHUANG | 2018 | Photonics Research2018，6，4： | 9 |
| 10 | Response of Zhadang Glacier runoffin Nam Co Basin,Tibet,to changes in air temperature and precipitation form显示文摘This paper describes 2007/2008 inter-annual changes in runoff from the Zhadang Glacier located on the northern slope of Nyainqêntanglha Range,Tibet,and analyzes their causes.Precipitation increased by 17.9%in summer months of 2008 compared with the same period in 2007,drainage basin runoff decreased by 33.3%,and glacial meltwater decreased by 53.8%.Change in positive accumulated air temperature explained approximately half of the inter-annual difference in glacial meltwater using a degree-day model.This suggests that the glacier is extremely sensitive to changes in air temperature.Energy balance analysis showed that change in glacier surface albedo,considered to be caused by difference in precipitation form,resulted in the large inter-annual difference in glacial meltwater.It was shown statistically that precipitation form in the summer months of 2007 was mainly rainfall which comprised 71.5%of total precipitation,while during the same period in 2008 rainfall accounted for 30.7%,with the majority of precipitation falling as snow.Precipitation form should be considered an independent factor when analyzing glacier sensitivity to climate change or forecasting the runoff from certain glaciers. | ZHOU ShiQiao KANG ShiChang GAO TanGuang ZHANG GuoShuai | 2010 | Chinese Science Bulletin2010，55，20： | 9 |
| 11 | Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for hallucination in schizophrenia spectrum disorders A meta-analysis显示文摘OBJECTIVE:This study assessed the efficacy and tolerability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of auditory hallucination of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.DATA SOURCES:Online literature retrieval was conducted using PubMed,ISI Web of Science,EMBASE,Medline and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases from January1985 to May 2012.Key words were'transcranial magnetic stimulation','TMS','repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation',and'hallucination'.STUDY SELECTION:Selected studies were randomized controlled trials assessing therapeutic efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for hallucination in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Experimental intervention was low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in left temporoparietal cortex for treatment of auditory hallucination in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Control groups received sham stimulation.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The primary outcome was total scores of Auditory Hallucinations Rating Scale,Auditory Hallucination Subscale of Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale,Positive and Negative Symptom Scale-Auditory Hallucination item,and Hallucination Change Scale.Secondary outcomes included response rate,global mental state,adverse effects and cognitive function.RESULTS:Seventeen studies addressing repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders were screened,with controls receiving sham stimulation.All data were completely effective,involving 398 patients.Overall mean weighted effect size for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus sham stimulation was statistically significant(MD=–0.42,95%CI:–0.64 to–0.20,P=0.000 2).Patients receiving repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation responded more frequently than sham stimulation(OR=2.94,95%CI:1.39 to 6.24,P=0.005).No significant differences were found between active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and sham stimulation for positive or negative symptoms.Compared with sham stimulation,active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation had equivocal outcome in cognitive function and commonly caused headache and facial muscle twitching.CONCLUSION:Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a safe and effective treatment for auditory hallucination in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. | Yingli Zhang Wei Liang Shichang Yang Ping Dai Lijuan Shen Changhong Wang | 2013 | Neural Regeneration Research2013，8，28： | 8 |
| 12 | Concentration level and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and grass around Mt. Qomolangma, China显示文摘High mountains may serve as a condenser for persistent organic pollutants. In the present study, soil and grass samples from Mt. Qomolangma region, China were collected from 4600 to 5620 m a.s.l and were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to determine if they are concentrated at colder, more elevated sites and to evaluate their possible resources and fractionation. The total PAHs concentration in soil samples was < 600 ng g?1, the critical value to differentiate PAHs levels in remote and urban regions. This implied the PAHs levels at Mt. Qomolangma are relatively low and what one might expect in such a remote region of the world. These low values may represent a soil background for mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere soils away from the direct influence of an anthropogenic source. As for the distribution pattern, the low molecular weight PAHs were prone to accumulate at higher altitude, while the high molecular weight PAHs inversely related or unrelated with elevation. Based on high concentration of phenanthrene at elevated sample site and the ratios of individual PAHs, we deduced that home-heating combustion and vehicle emission may result in the constitution trait of PAHs in this mountain region. Monsoon traveling over India, Pakistan and other countries with dense population may carry contaminant to Mt. Qomolangma region. | WANG XiaoPing YAO TanDong CONG ZhiYuan YAN XinLiang KANG ShiChang ZHANG Yong | 2007 | Chinese Science Bulletin2007，52，10： | 8 |
| 13 | A method for estimating the contribution of evaporative vapor from Nam Co to local atmospheric vapor based on stable isotopes of water bodies显示文摘During the summer monsoon season,the moisture of precipitation events in southern and central regions of the Tibetan Plateau is mainly moisture from the Indian Ocean transported by the Indian monsoon and terrestrial vapor derived from the surface of the Tibetan Plateau.However,the respective contributions of these two types of moisture are not clear.From June to September,the excess deuterium values of precipitation and river water in the Nam Co basin are higher than those for the southern Tibetan Plateau.This reflects the mixing of evaporation from Nam Co and local atmospheric vapor.On the basis of theory for estimating the contribution of evaporative vapor from surface water bodies to atmospheric vapor and relative stable isotopes in water bodies (precipitation,river water,atmospheric moisture and lake water),this study preliminarily estimates that the average contribution of evaporation from the Lake Nam Co to local atmospheric vapor has varied from 28.4% to 31.1% during the summer monsoon season in recent years. | XU YanWei KANG ShiChang ZHANG YuLan ZHANG YongJun | 2011 | Chinese Science Bulletin2011，56，14： | 7 |
| 14 | Characteristics of Spatial and Temporal Variations of Monthly Mean Surface Air Temperature over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau显示文摘The recorded meteorological data of monthly mean surface air temperature from 72 meteorological stations over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the period of 1960-2003 have been analyzed by using Empirical Orthogonal Function(EOF) method,to understand the detailed features of its temporal and spatial variations.The results show that there was a high consistency of the monthly mean surface air temperature,with a secondarily different variation between the north and the south of the plateau.Warming trend has existed at all stations since the 1960s,while the warming rates were different in various zones.The source regions of big rivers had intense warming tendency.June,November and De-cember were the top three fast-warming months since the 1960s;while April,July and September presented dramatic warming tendency during the last decade. | ZHANG Qianggong KANG Shichang YAN Yuping | 2006 | Chinese Geographical Science2006，16，4： | 7 |
| 15 | Aerosol characteristics and impacts on weather and climate over the Tibetan Plateau显示文摘With themostmassive snow and ice globally between 60°S and 60°S ,the Tibetan Plateau(TP),also called the third pole of the world,plays significant roles in the weather,climate and lives in South Asia and East Asia and even the world[1–3].Investigating the variation of weather and the climate system over the TP has long been carried out,which is significant for fresh water supplies for over 1.4 billion people in Asia.Actually,the‘Third Pole Environment’program was initiated to call international efforts to understand both climate and environment changes on the plateau[1],which has already shown rapid warming and intensified cryospheric melt and water cycle. | Chuanfeng Zhao Yikun Yang Hao Fan Jianping Huang Yunfei Fu Xiaoye Zhang Shichang Kang Zhiyuan Cong Husi Letu Massimo Menenti | 2020 | National Science Review2020，7，3： | 7 |
| 16 | Highly diversified Zika viruses imported to China, 2016显示文摘 | Yanjun Zhang Wenxian Chen Gary Wong Yuhai Bi Juying Yan Yi Sun Enfu Chen Hao Yan Xiuyu Lou Haiyan Mao Shichang Xia George F.Gao Weifeng Shi Zhiping Chen | 2016 | Protein & Cell2016，7，6： | 7 |
| 17 | An efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst derived from layer-by-layer self-assembly of a three-dimensional porous Co-N-C@graphene显示文摘Three-dimensional (3D) porous carbon-based materials with tunable composition and microstructure are of great interest for the development of oxygen involved electrocatalytic reactions. Here, we report the synthesis of 3D porous carbon-based electrocatalyst by self-assembling Co-metal organic frameworks (MOF) building blocks on graphene via a layer-by-layer technique. Precise control of the structure and morphology is achieved by varying the MOF layer to tune the electrocatalytic properties. The as-produced electrocatalyst exhibits an excellent catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction in 0.1molL^-1 KOH, showing a high onset potential of 0.963V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a low tafel slope of 54mVdec^-1, compared to Pt/C (0.934V and 52mVdec^-1, respectively). Additionally, it shows a slightly lower potential vs. RHE (1.72V) than RuO2 (1.75V) at 10mAcm^-2 in an alkaline electrolyte. A rechargeable Zn-air battery based on the as-produced 3D porous catalyst demonstrates a high peak power density of 119mWcm^-2 at a cell voltage of 0.578V while retaining an excellent stability over 250 charge-discharge cycles. | Shichang Cai Rui Wang William M. Yourey Junsheng Li Haining Zhang Haolin Tang | 2019 | Science Bulletin2019，64，14： | 6 |
| 18 | Elemental composition in surface snow from the ultra-high elevation area of Mt. Qomolangma (Everest)显示文摘A total of 14 surface snow (0―10 cm) samples were collected along the climbing route (6500―8844 m a.s.l.) on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma in May, 2005. Analysis of elemental concentrations in these samples showed that there are no clear trends for element variations with elevation due to re- distribution of surface snow by strong winds during spring. In addition, local crustal aerosol inputs also have an influence on elemental composition of surface snow. Comparison between elemental concentration datasets of 2005 and 1997 indicated that data from 2005 were of higher quality. Elemental concentrations (especially for heavy metals) at Mt. Qomolangma are comparable with polar sites, and far lower than large cities. This indicates that anthropogenic activities and heavy metal pollution have little effect on the Mt. Qomolangma atmospheric environment, which can be representative of the background atmospheric environment. | ZHANG QiangGong KANG ShiChang CONG ZhiYuan HOU ShuGui LIU YongQin | 2008 | Chinese Science Bulletin2008，53，2： | 5 |
| 19 | Light-absorbing impurities on Keqikaer Glacier in western Tien Shan: concentrations and potential impact on albedo reduction显示文摘Light-absorbing impurities on glaciers are important factors that influence glacial surface albedo and accelerate glacier melt. In this study, the quantity of light-absorbing impurities on Keqikaer Glacier in western Tien Shan, Central Asia, was measured. We found that the average concentrations of black carbon was 2,180 ng/g, with a range from 250 ng/g to more than 10,000 ng/g. The average concentrations of organic carbon and mineral dust were 1,738 ng/g and 194 μg/g, respectively. Based on simulations performed with the Snow Ice Aerosol Radiative model simulations, black carbon and dust are responsible for approximately 64% and 9%, respectively, of the albedo reduction, and are associated with instantaneous radiative forcing of 323.18 W/m2(ranging from 142.16 to 619.25 W/m2) and 24.05 W/m2(ranging from 0.15 to69.77 W/m2), respectively. For different scenarios, the albedo and radiative forcing effect of black carbon is considerably greater than that of dust. The estimated radiative forcing at Keqikaer Glacier is higher than most similar values estimated by previous studies on the Tibetan Plateau, perhaps as a result of black carbon enrichment by melt scavenging. Light-absorbing impurities deposited on Keqikaer Glacier appear to mainly originate from central Asia, Siberia, western China(including the Taklimakan Desert) and parts of South Asia in summer, and from the Middle East and Central Asia in winter.A footprint analysis indicates that a large fraction(>60%) of the black carbon contributions on Keqikaer Glacier comes from anthropogenic sources. These results provide a scientific basis for regional mitigation efforts to reduce black carbon. | YuLan Zhang ShiChang Kang Min Xu Michael Sprenger TanGuang Gao ZhiYuan Cong ChaoLiu Li JunMing Guo ZhiQiang Xu Yang Li Gang Li XiaoFei Li YaJun Liu HaiDong Han | 2017 | Research in Cold and Arid Regions2017，9，2： | 4 |
| 20 | Purification of scandium from concentrate generated from titanium pigments production waste显示文摘Nowadays 80%of scandium in China is obtained from titanium pigments production waste through a complex purification process.The study mainly focused on the purification of Sc from its concentrate generated from titanium pigments production waste by solvent extraction.Several extractants have been tried and 10%D_(2)EHPA-5%TBP-85%sulfonated kerosene exhibited the best extraction performance towards Sc in 7 mol/L H_(2)SO_(4)solution,so it was selected as the oil phase.0.5%of H_(2)O_(2)was added into the concentrated solution which can effectively inhibit the extraction of Ti.Both the extraction and back extraction parameters are optimized.The preferred extraction conditions were obtained,i.e.,acidity:7 mol/L H_(2)SO_(4),the phase ratio A/O:10,room temperature,mixed contact time:30 min,Sc concentrate:10 g/L,that the extraction rate of Sc in the above conditions was nearly 100%.NaOH was used for back extraction with the stripping rate 99%on the following conditions:5 mol/L NaOH stripping for 30 min at a phase ratio A/O:1 at 90℃.Finally,H_(2)C_(2)O_(4)was used to further purify the back extraction product and Sc_(2)(C_(2)O_(4))_(3)precipitant fo rmed.The final product Sc_(2)O_(3)with a purity over 99.5%was obtained by calcining Sc_(2)(C_(2)O_(4))_(3)at 1000℃for 2 h.A conceptual process for Sc purification was put forward and proved.The total recovery yield of Sc in the whole process is 95%. | Jie Zhou Shunyan Ning Jiejie Meng Shichang Zhang Wei Zhang Siyi Wang Yedan Chen Xinpeng Wang Yuezhou Wei | 2021 | Journal of Rare Earths2021，39，2： | 4 |
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