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| 1 | Progress in wearable electronics/photonics—Moving toward the era of artificial intelligence and internet of things显示文摘The past few years have witnessed the significant impacts of wearable electronics/photonics on various aspects of our daily life,for example,healthcare monitoring and treatment,ambient monitoring,soft robotics,prosthetics,flexible display,communication,human-machine interactions,and so on.According to the development in recent years,the next-generation wearable electronics and photonics are advancing rapidly toward the era of artificial intelligence(AI)and internet of things(IoT),to achieve a higher level of comfort,convenience,connection,and intelligence.Herein,this review provides an opportune overview of the recent progress in wearable electronics,photonics,and systems,in terms of emerging materials,transducing mechanisms,structural configurations,applications,and their further integration with other technologies.First,development of general wearable electronics and photonics is summarized for the applications of physical sensing,chemical sensing,humanmachine interaction,display,communication,and so on.Then self-sustainable wearable electronics/photonics and systems are discussed based on system integration with energy harvesting and storage technologies.Next,technology fusion of wearable systems and AI is reviewed,showing the emergence and rapid development of intelligent/smart systems.In the last section of this review,perspectives about the future development trends of the next-generation wearable electronics/photonics are provided,that is,toward multifunctional,self-sustainable,and intelligent wearable systems in the AI/IoT era. | Qiongfeng Shi Bowei Dong Tianyiyi He Zhongda Sun Jianxiong Zhu Zixuan Zhang Chengkuo Lee | 2020 | InfoMat2020，2，6： | 17 |
| 2 | Silicon photonic platforms for mid-infrared applications [Invited]显示文摘Silicon photonic integrated circuits for telecommunication and data centers have been well studied in the past decade, and now most related efforts have been progressing toward commercialization. Scaling up the silicon-oninsulator(SOI)-based device dimensions in order to extend the operation wavelength to the short mid-infrared(MIR) range(2–4 μm) is attracting research interest, owing to the host of potential applications in lab-on-chip sensors, free space communications, and much more. Other material systems and technology platforms, including silicon-on-silicon nitride, germanium-on-silicon, germanium-on-SOI, germanium-on-silicon nitride, sapphireon-silicon, Si Ge alloy-on-silicon, and aluminum nitride-on-insulator are explored as well in order to realize low-loss waveguide devices for different MIR wavelengths. In this paper, we will comprehensively review silicon photonics for MIR applications, with regard to the state-of-the-art achievements from various device demonstrations in different material platforms by various groups. We will then introduce in detail of our institute's research and development efforts on the MIR photonic platforms as one case study. Meanwhile, we will discuss the integration schemes along with remaining challenges in devices(e.g., light source) and integration. A few application-oriented examples will be examined to illustrate the issues needing a critical solution toward the final production path(e.g., gas sensors). Finally, we will provide our assessment of the outlook of potential futureresearch topics and engineering challenges along with opportunities. | TING HU BOWEI DONG XIANSHU LUO TSUNG-YANG LIOW JUNFENG SONG CHENGKUO LEE GUO-QIANG LO | 2017 | Photonics Research2017，5，5： | 13 |
| 3 | A flexible three-dimensional electrode mesh:An enabling technology for wireless brain-computer interface prostheses显示文摘The neural interface is a key component in wireless brain–computer prostheses.In this study,we demonstrate that a unique three-dimensional(3D)microneedle electrode on a flexible mesh substrate,which can be fabricated without complicated micromachining techniques,is conformal to the tissues with minimal invasiveness.Furthermore,we demonstrate that it can be applied to different functional layers in the nervous system without length limitation.The microneedle electrode is fabricated using drawing lithography technology from biocompatible materials.In this approach,the profile of a 3D microneedle electrode array is determined by the design of a two-dimensional(2D)pattern on the mask,which can be used to access different functional layers in different locations of the brain.Due to the sufficient stiffness of the electrode and the excellent flexibility of the mesh substrate,the electrode can penetrate into the tissue with its bottom layer fully conformal to the curved brain surface.Then,the exposed contact at the end of the microneedle electrode can successfully acquire neural signals from the brain. | Zhuolin Xiang Jingquan Liu Chengkuo Lee | 2016 | Microsystems & Nanoengineering2016，2，1： | 8 |
| 4 | Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Hybridized Systems for Enabling Next-Generation IoT Applications显示文摘In the past few years,triboelectric nanogenerator-based(TENG-based)hybrid generators and systems have experienced a widespread and flourishing development,ranging among almost every aspect of our lives,e.g.,from industry to consumer,outdoor to indoor,and wearable to implantable applications.Although TENG technology has been extensively investigated for mechanical energy harvesting,most developed TENGs still have limitations of small output current,unstable power generation,and low energy utilization rate of multisource energies.To harvest the ubiquitous/coexisted energy forms including mechanical,thermal,and solar energy simultaneously,a promising direction is to integrate TENG with other transducing mechanisms,e.g.,electromagnetic generator,piezoelectric nanogenerator,pyroelectric nanogenerator,thermoelectric generator,and solar cell,forming the hybrid generator for synergetic single-source and multisource energy harvesting.The resultant TENG-based hybrid generators utilizing integrated transducing mechanisms are able to compensate for the shortcomings of each mechanism and overcome the above limitations,toward achieving a maximum,reliable,and stable output generation.Hence,in this review,we systematically introduce the key technologies of the TENG-based hybrid generators and hybridized systems,in the aspects of operation principles,structure designs,optimization strategies,power management,and system integration.The recent progress of TENG-based hybrid generators and hybridized systems for the outdoor,indoor,wearable,and implantable applications is also provided.Lastly,we discuss our perspectives on the future development trend of hybrid generators and hybridized systems in environmental monitoring,human activity sensation,human-machine interaction,smart home,healthcare,wearables,implants,robotics,Internet of things(IoT),and many other fields. | Qiongfeng Shi Zhongda Sun Zixuan Zhang Chengkuo Lee | 2021 | Research2021，，1： | 7 |
| 5 | An epidermal sEMG tattoo-like patch as a new human–machine interface for patients with loss of voice显示文摘Throat cancer treatment involves surgical removal of the tumor,leaving patients with facial disfigurement as well as temporary or permanent loss of voice.Surface electromyography(sEMG)generated from the jaw contains lots of voice information.However,it is difficult to record because of not only the weakness of the signals but also the steep skin curvature.This paper demonstrates the design of an imperceptible,flexible epidermal sEMG tattoo-like patch with the thickness of less than 10μm and peeling strength of larger than 1N cm−1 that exhibits large adhesiveness to complex biological surfaces and is thus capable of sEMG recording for silent speech recognition.When a tester speaks silently,the patch shows excellent performance in recording the sEMG signals from three muscle channels and recognizing those frequently used instructions with high accuracy by using the wavelet decomposition and pattern recognization.The average accuracy of action instructions can reach up to 89.04%,and the average accuracy of emotion instructions is as high as 92.33%.To demonstrate the functionality of tattoo-like patches as a new human–machine interface(HMI)for patients with loss of voice,the intelligent silent speech recognition,voice synthesis,and virtual interaction have been implemented,which are of great importance in helping these patients communicate with people and make life more enjoyable. | Huicong Liu Wei Dong Yunfei Li Fanqi Li Jiangjun Geng Minglu Zhu Tao Chen Hongmiao Zhang Lining Sun Chengkuo Lee | 2020 | Microsystems & Nanoengineering2020，6，1： | 6 |
| 6 | Tunable multiband terahertz metamaterials using a reconfigurable electric split-ring resonator array显示文摘We demonstrate micromachined reconfigurable metamaterials working at multiple frequencies simultaneously in the terahertz range.The proposed metamaterial structures can be structurally reconfigured by employing flexible microelectromechanical system-based cantilevers in the resonators,which are designed to deform out of plane under an external stimulus.The proposed metamaterial structures provide not only multiband resonance frequency operation but also polarization-dependent tunability.Three kinds of metamaterials are investigated as electric split-ring resonator(eSRR)arrays with different positions of the split.By moving the position of the split away from the resonator’s center,the eSRR exhibits anisotropy,with the dipole resonance splitting into two resonances.The dipole–dipole coupling strength can be continuously adjusted,which enables the electromagnetic response to be tailored by adjusting the direct current(DC)voltage between the released cantilevers and the silicon substrate.The observed tunability of the eSRRs is found to be dependent on the polarization of the incident terahertz wave.This polarization-dependent tunability is demonstrated by both experimental measurements and electromagnetic simulations. | Fusheng Ma Yu-Sheng Lin Xinhai Zhang Chengkuo Lee | 2014 | Light(Science & Applications)2014，3，1： | 5 |
| 7 | Deep learning-enabled triboelectric smart socks for IoT-based gait analysis and VR applications显示文摘The era of artificial intelligence and internet of things is rapidly developed by recent advances in wearable electronics.Gait reveals sensory information in daily life containing personal information,regarding identification and healthcare.Current wearable electronics of gait analysis are mainly limited by high fabrication cost,operation energy consumption,or inferior analysis methods,which barely involve machine learning or implement nonoptimal models that require massive datasets for training.Herein,we developed low-cost triboelectric intelligent socks for harvesting waste energy from low-frequency body motions to transmit wireless sensory data.The sock equipped with self-powered functionality also can be used as wearable sensors to deliver information,regarding the identity,health status,and activity of the users.To further address the issue of ineffective analysis methods,an optimized deep learning model with an end-to-end structure on the socks signals for the gait analysis is proposed,which produces a 93.54%identification accuracy of 13 participants and detects five different human activities with 96.67%accuracy.Toward practical application,we map the physical signals collected through the socks in the virtual space to establish a digital human system for sports monitoring,healthcare,identification,and future smart home applications. | Zixuan Zhang Tianyiyi He Minglu Zhu Zhongda Sun Qiongfeng Shi Jianxiong Zhu Bowei Dong Mehmet Rasit Yuce Chengkuo Lee | 2020 | npj Flexible Electronics2020，4，1： | 4 |
| 8 | A hybridized electromagnetic-triboelectric nanogenerator designed for scavenging biomechanical energy in human balance control显示文摘For human beings of different ages and physical abilities, the inherent balance control system is ubiquitous and active to prevent falling, especially in motion states. A hybridized electromagnetic-triboelectric nanogenerator (HETNG) is prepared to harvest biomechanical energy during human balance control processes and achieve significant monitoring functions. The HETNG is composed of a symmetrical pendulum structure and a cylinder magnet rolling inside. Four coils are divided into two groups which form into two electromagnetic generators (EMGs). Besides, two spatial electrodes attached to the inner wall constitute a freestanding mode triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). With a rectification circuit, the HETNG presents a high output power with a peak value of 0.55 W at a load of 160 Ω. Along with human balance control processes during walking, the HETNG can harvest biomechanical energy at different positions on the trunk. Moreover, the HETNG applied in artificial limb has been preliminarily simulated with the positions on thigh and foot, for monitoring the actions of squat and stand up, and lifting the leg up and down. For the elder that walks slowly with a walking aid, the HETNG equipped on the walking aid can help to record the motions of forwarding and unexpected falling, which is useful for calling for help. This work shows the potential of biomechanical energy-driven HETNG for powering portable electronics and monitoring human motions, also shows significant concerns to people lacked action capability or disabled. | Long Liu Qiongfeng Shi Chengkuo Lee | 2021 | Nano Research2021，14，11： | 3 |
| 9 | A humidity resistant and high performance triboelectric nanogenerator enabled by vortex-induced vibration for scavenging wind energy显示文摘Wind energy is a promising renewable energy source for a low-carbon society.This study is to develop a fully packaged vortexinduced vibration triboelectric nanogenerator(VIV-TENG)for scavenging wind energy.The VIV-TENG consists of a wind vane,internal power generation unit,an external frame,four springs,a square cylinder and a circular turntable.The internal power generation unit consists of polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)balls,a honeycomb frame and two copper electrodes.Different from most of the previous wind energy harvesting TENGs,the bouncing PTFE balls are fully packaged in the square cylinder.The distinct design separates the process of contact electrification from the external environment,and at the same time avoids the frictional wear of the ordinary wind energy harvesting TENGs.The corresponding VIV parameters are investigated to evaluate their influence on the vibration behaviors and the energy output.Resonant state of the VIV-TENG corresponds to the high output performance from the VIV-TENG.The distinct,robust structure ensures the full-packaged VIV-TENG can harvest wind energy from arbitrary directions and even in undesirable weather conditions.The study proposes a novel TENG configuration for harvesting wind energy and the VIV-TENG proves promising powering micro-electro-mechanical appliances. | Yan Wang Tianyu Chen Shuowen Sun Xiangyu Liu Zhiyuan Hu Zhenhui Lian Long Liu Qiongfeng Shi Hao Wang Jianchun Mi Tongming Zhou Chengkuo Lee Minyi Xu | 2022 | Nano Research2022，15，4： | 2 |
| 10 | Investigation of TMAH for front-side bulk micromaching process from manufacturing aspect显示文摘 | Du Chen-Hsun Lee Chengkuo | 2001 | Sensors and Actuators2001，92，： | 1 |
| 11 | Wafer bonding by low-temperature soldering显示文摘 | LEE Chengkuo HUANG Weifeng SHIE Jinshown | 2000 | Seus Actuators2000，85，： | 1 |
| 12 | Micromachined Piezoelectric force sensor based on PZT thin film显示文摘 | Itoh Toshihiro Suga Tadatomo | 1996 | IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control1996，，4： | 1 |
| 13 | A new S- shaped MEMS PZT cantilever for energy harvesting from low fre- quency vibrations below 30 Hz 显示文摘 | Huicong Liu Chengkuo Lee Takeshi Kobayashi | 2012 | Mierosystem Technology2012，18，： | 1 |
| 14 | Novel Biosensor Based on Photonic Crystal Nano-Ring Resonator 显示文摘 | Hsiao Fu-Li Lee Chengkuo | 2009 | Proce dia Chemistry2009，1，1： | 1 |
| 15 | Wafer Bonding by Low-temperature Soldering显示文摘 | Lee Chengkuo Huang Wei-Feng Shie Jin-shown | 2000 | sensors and Actuators2000，85，： | 1 |
| 16 | Design and modeling for comb drive actuator with enlarged static displacement 显示文摘 | CHEN Chihchung LEE Chengkuo | 2004 | Sensors and Actuators A2004，15，： | 1 |
| 17 | A 1-V operated MEMS variable optical attenuator using piez- oelectric PZT thin-film actuators 显示文摘 | Lee Chengkuo Hsiao Fu-Li Kobayashi T | 2009 | IEEE of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics2009，15，5： | 1 |
| 18 | A 1-V Operated MEMS Variable Optical Attenuator Using Piezoelectric PZT Thin-Film Actuators 显示文摘 | Lee Chengkuo Hsiao Fu-Li Kobayashi Takeshi | | IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics0，15，5： | 1 |
| 19 | A new S-shaped MEMS PZT cantilever for energy harvesting from low frequency vibrations below 30 Hz显示文摘 | LIU Huicong LEE Chengkuo KOBAYASHI T | 2012 | Microsyst Technol2012，18，1： | 1 |
| 20 | Nanophotonic Biosensors Using Hexagonal Nanoring Resonators: Computational Study显示文摘 | HSIAO Fu-li LEE Chengkuo | 2011 | SP1E2011，，01： | 1 |
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