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| 1 | Therapeutic uses of animal biles in traditional Chinese medicine:An ethnopharmacological,biophysical chemical and medicinal review显示文摘Forty-four different animal biles obtained from both invertebrates and vertebrates(including human bile)have been used for centuries for a host of maladies in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)beginning with dog,ox and common carp biles approximately in the Zhou dynasty(c.1046-256 BCE).Overall,different animal biles were prescribed principally for the treatment of liver,biliary,skin(including burns),gynecological and heart diseases,as well as diseases of the eyes,ears,nose,mouth and throat.We present an informed opinion of the clinical efficacy of the medicinal uses of the different animal biles based on their presently known principal chemical components which are mostly steroidal detergent-like molecules and the membrane lipids such as unesterified cholesterol and mixed phosphatidylcholines and sometimes sphingomyelin,as well as containing lipopigments derived from heme principally bilirubin glucuronides.All of the available information on the ethnopharmacological uses of biles in TCM were collated from the rich collection of ancient Chinese books on materia medica held in libraries in China and United States and the composition of various animal biles was based on rigorous separatory and advanced chemical identification techniques published since the mid-20th century collected via library(Harvard’s Countway Library)and electronic searches(PubMed and Google Scholar).Our analysis of ethnomedical data and information on biliary chemistry shows that specific bile salts,as well as the common bile pigment bilirubin and its glucuronides plus the minor components of bile such as vitamins A,D,E,K,as well as melatonin(N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine)are salutary in improving liver function,dissolving gallstones,inhibiting bacterial and viral multiplication,promoting cardiac chronotropsim,as well as exhibiting anti-inflammatory,anti-pyretic,anti-oxidant,sedative,anti-convulsive,anti-allergic,anti-congestive,anti-diabetic and anti-spasmodic effects.Pig,wild boar and human biles diluted with alcohol were shown to form an artificial skin for burns and wounds one thousand years ago in the Tang dynasty(618-907 CE).Although various animal biles exhibit several generic effects in common,a number of biles appear to be advantageous for specific therapeutic indications.We attempt to understand these effects based on the pharmacology of individual components of bile as well as attempting to identify a variety of future research needs. | David Q-H Wang Martin C Carey | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，29： | 11 |
| 2 | Gut microbiota disturbance during antibiotic therapy: a multi-omic approach显示文摘 | Ana Elena Pérez-Cobas María José Gosalbes Anette Friedrichs Henrik Knecht Alejandro Artacho Kathleen Eismann Wolfgang Otto David Rojo Rafael Bargiela Martin von Bergen Sven C Neulinger Carolin D?umer Femke-Anouska Heinsen Amparo Latorre Coral Barbas Jana | 2013 | Gut2013，，11： | 2 |
| 3 | Sustained release of vascular endothelial growth factor from mineralized poly (lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds for tissue engineering显示文摘 | WILLIAM L M MARTIN C P DAVID H | 2000 | Biomaterials2000，21，： | 1 |
| 4 | Quantitative measurement of deformation - induced martensite in 304 stainless steel by X - ray diffration 显示文摘 | Amar K De David C Murdock Martin C Mataya | 2004 | Scripta Materialia2004，50，： | 1 |
| 5 | Thermochemical sulphate reduction (TSR):experiment determination of reaction kinetics and implications of the observed reaction rates for petroleum reservoirs显示文摘 | David A C M Simon H B | 2004 | Organic Geochemistry2004，35，： | 1 |
| 6 | The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial显示文摘 | Colin Baigent Martin J Landray Christina Reith Jonathan Emberson David C Wheeler Charles Tomson Christoph Wanner Vera Krane Alan Cass Jonathan Craig Bruce Neal Lixin Jiang Lai Seong Hooi Adeera Levin Lawrence Agodoa Mike Gaziano Bertram Kasiske Robert Wal | 2011 | The Lancet2011，，9784： | 1 |
| 7 | Electrochemical polymerization and properties of PEDOT/S-EDOT on neural mieroelectrode arrays显示文摘 | Yinghong Xiao Xinyan Cui David C Martin | 2004 | Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry2004，573，： | 1 |
| 8 | Quantitative measurement of deformation-induced martensite in 304 stainless steel by X-ray diffraction显示文摘 | Amar K D David C Martin C | 2004 | Scripta Materialia2004，50，12： | 1 |
| 9 | STRUBBELIG de- fines a receptor kinase-mediated signaling pathway regulating organ development in Arabidopsis显示文摘 | DAVID C MARTINE B LYNETFE F | 2005 | Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2005，102，25： | 1 |
| 10 | A comparison of predictive methods in extinction risk studies: Contrasts and decision trees 显示文摘 | Matthew S Sullivan Martin J Jones David C Lee | 2006 | Biodiversity and Conservation2006，15，6： | 1 |
| 11 | Hepatitis C–related hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: influence of ethnic status显示文摘 | Adrian M Di Bisceglie Andre C Lyra Myron Schwartz Rajender K Reddy Paul Martin Gregory Gores Anna S.F Lok Khozema B Hussain Robert Gish David H Van Thiel Zobair Younossi Myron Tong Tarek Hassanein Luis Balart Jacquelyn Fleckenstein Stephen Flamm Andres Bl | 2003 | The American Journal of Gastroenterology2003，，9： | 1 |
| 12 | Themoehemical sulphate reduction (TSR):experinent determination of reaction kinetics and implications of the observed reaction rates for petroleum reservoirs显示文摘 | Martin M C David A C M Sinon H B | 2004 | Organic Geochemistry2004，35，： | 1 |
| 13 | Predictors of Serological Cure and Serofast State After Treatment in HIV-Negative Persons With Earl Syphilis 显示文摘 | Se a Arlene C Wolff Mark Martin David H | 2011 | Clinical Infectious Diseases2011，53，11： | 1 |
| 14 | Investigation of the Compressible Flow through the Tip-Section Turbine Blade Cascade with Supersonic Inlet显示文摘The contribution deals with the experimental and numerical investigation of compressible flow through the tip-section turbine blade cascade with the blade 54″ long. Experimental investigations by means of optical(interferometry and schlieren method) and pneumatic measurements provide more information about the behaviour and nature of basic phenomena occurring in the profile cascade flow field. The numerical simulation was carried out by means of the EARSM turbulence model according to Hellsten [5] completed by the bypass transition model with the algebraic equation for the intermittency coefficient proposed by Straka and P?íhoda [6] and implemented into the in-house numerical code. The investigation was focused particularly on the effect of shock waves on the shear layer development including the laminar/turbulent transition. Interactions of shock waves with shear layers on both sides of the blade result usually in the transition in attached and/ or separated flow and so to the considerable impact to the flow structure and energy losses in the blade cascade. | Martin Luxa Jaromír Príhoda David Simurda Petr Straka Jaroslav Synác | 2016 | Journal of Thermal Science2016，25，2： | 1 |
| 15 | Abeta is targeted to the vasculature in a mouse model of hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis 显示文摘 | Martin C Herzig David TWinkler Patrick Burgermeister | 2004 | Nat Neurosci2004，7，9： | 1 |
| 16 | Learning to de-tect natural image boundaries using local brightness,color,and texture cues显示文摘 | David R Martin Charless C Fowlkes Jitendra Malik | | 0，，05： | 1 |
| 17 | Serum lactate and base deficit as predictors of mortality and morbidity显示文摘 | Farah A Husain Matthew J Martin Philip S Mullenix Scott R Steele David C Elliott | 2003 | The American Journal of Surgery2003，，5： | 1 |
| 18 | Wound healing: Biologic features and approaches to maximize healing trajectories显示文摘 | Martin C Robson David L Steed Michael G Franz | 2001 | Current Problems in Surgery2001，，： | 1 |
| 19 | Quenching and Partitioning of Ni-Added High Strength Steels显示文摘 | Rizzo F.C. Martins A.R. Speer John G. Matlock David K. Clarke A. De Cooman Bruno C | 2007 | Materials Science Forum2007，，539： | 1 |
| 20 | Quantitative Measurement of Deformation-Induced Martensite in 304 Stainless Steel by X-Ray Diffraction显示文摘 | Amar K D David C M Martin C | 2004 | Scripta Materialia2004，50，12： | 1 |
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