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| 1 | GRADE指南:Ⅲ.证据质量分级显示文摘本文介绍证据质量分级的GRADE方法。GRADE将证据质量分为高、中、低和极低四个级别。该分级应用于证据群,而非针对个别研究。系统评价中,质量反映了我们认为效应估计值正确的把握度。对推荐意见而言,质量反映了我们认为效应估计值足以支持某特定推荐的把握度。随机对照试验初定为高质量证据,观察性研究初定为低质量证据。GRADE中所使用的质量一词不只是意味着偏倚风险,还可能受研究结果的不精确性、不一致性和间接性,及发表偏倚的影响。此外,若干因素可增加我们对效应估计值的把握度。GRADE提供了一种系统方法来思考并报告各因素。GRADE将评估证据质量的过程与给出推荐建议的过程分开。推荐强度的判断不仅依赖于证据质量。 | Howard Balshem Mark Helfanda Holger J.Schunemann Andrew D.Oxman Regina Kunz Jan Brozek Gunn E.Vist Yngve Falck-Ytter Joerg Meerpohl Susan Norris Gordon H.Guyatt GRADE工作组 李幼平 杨晓妍 高霑 | 2011 | 中国循证医学杂志2011，11，4： | 128 |
| 2 | 未破裂颅内动脉瘤患者管理指南美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会针对医疗专业人员的指南显示文摘目的这份更新版指南旨在为未破裂颅内动脉瘤患者的管理提供全面的循证建议。方法写作组采用系统文献回顾(1977年1月至2014年6月),参考同期已发表的循证指南、个人文件和专家意见来总结现有的证据,指出现有知识的差距;如果合适,则根据美国心脏协会( American Heart Association, AHA)标准做出推荐。本指南经过了包括卒中委员会领导层以及AHA科学声明监督委员会在内的广泛同行评议,然后由AHA科学咨询和协调委员会审批通过。结果本指南对未破裂颅内动脉瘤患者的医疗诊治提出了循证建议,涉及临床表现、自然史、流行病学、危险因素、筛查、诊断、影像学以及手术和血管内治疗的转归。 | B. Gregory Thompson Robert D. Brown Sepideh Amin-Hanjani Joseph P. Broderick Kevin M. Cockroft E. Sander Connolly Gary R. Duckwiler Catherine C. Harris Virginia J. Howard S. Claiborne (Clay) Johnston Philip M. Meyers Andrew Molyneux Christopher S. Ogilvy Andrew J. Ringer James Torner 肖国栋 徐加平 石际俊 尤寿江 张霞 刘慧慧 曹勇军 | 2015 | 国际脑血管病杂志2015，23，8： | 127 |
| 3 | Toward point-of-care management of chronic respiratory conditions:Electrochemical sensing of nitrite content in exhaled breath condensate using reduced graphene oxide显示文摘We present a portable non-invasive approach for measuring indicators of inflammation and oxidative stress in the respiratory tract by quantifying a biomarker in exhaled breath condensate(EBC).We discuss the fabrication and characterization of a miniaturized electrochemical sensor for detecting nitrite content in EBC using reduced graphene oxide.The nitrite content in EBC has been demonstrated to be a promising biomarker of inflammation in the respiratory tract,particularly in asthma.We utilized the unique properties of reduced graphene oxide(rGO);specifically,the material is resilient to corrosion while exhibiting rapid electron transfer with electrolytes,thus allowing for highly sensitive electrochemical detection with minimal fouling.Our rGO sensor was housed in an electrochemical cell fabricated from polydimethyl siloxane(PDMS),which was necessary to analyze small EBC sample volumes.The sensor is capable of detecting nitrite at a low over-potential of 0.7 V with respect to an Ag/AgCl reference electrode.We characterized the performance of the sensors using standard nitrite/buffer solutions,nitrite spiked into EBC,and clinical EBC samples.The sensor demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.21μAμM^(−1) cm^(−2) in the range of 20–100μM and of 0.1μAμM^(−1) cm^(−2) in the range of 100–1000μM nitrite concentration and exhibited a low detection limit of 830 nM in the EBC matrix.To benchmark our platform,we tested our sensors using seven pre-characterized clinical EBC samples with concentrations ranging between 0.14 and 6.5μM.This enzyme-free and label-free method of detecting biomarkers in EBC can pave the way for the development of portable breath analyzers for diagnosing and managing changes in respiratory inflammation and disease. | Azam Gholizadeh Damien Voiry Clifford Weisel Andrew Gow Robert Laumbach Howard Kipen Manish Chhowalla Mehdi Javanmard | 2017 | Microsystems & Nanoengineering2017，3，1： | 5 |
| 4 | 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-basedmetabonomic study in patients with cirrhosis and hepaticencephalopathy显示文摘AIM: To identify plasma metabolites used as biomarkers in order to distinguish cirrhotics from controls and encephalopathics.METHODS: A clinical study involving stable cirrhotic patients with and without overt hepatic encephalopathy was designed. A control group of healthy volunteers was used. Plasma from those patients was analysed using 1H- nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We used the Carr Purcell Meiboom Gill sequence to process the sample spectra at ambient probe temperature. We used a gated secondary irradiation field for water signal suppression. Samples were calibrated and referenced using the sodium trimethyl silyl propionate peak at 0.00 ppm. For each sample 128 transients(FID's) were acquired into 32 K complex data points over a spectral width of 6 KHz. 30 degree pulses were applied with an acquisition time of 4.0 s in order to achieve better resolution, followed by a recovery delay of 12 s, to allow for complete relaxation and recovery of the magnetisation. A metabolic profile was created for stable cirrhotic patients without signs of overt hepatic encephalopathy and encephalopathic patients as well as healthy controls. Stepwise discriminant analysis was then used and discriminant factors were created to differentiate between the three groups.RESULTS: Eighteen stabled cirrhotic patients, eighteen patients with overt hepatic encephalopathy and seventeen healthy volunteers were recruited. Patients with cirrhosis had significantly impaired ketone body metabolism, urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis. This was demonstrated by higher concentrations of acetoacetate(0.23 ± 0.02 vs 0.05 ± 0.00, P < 0.01), and b-hydroxybutarate(0.58 ± 0.14 vs 0.08 ± 0.00, P < 0.01), lower concentrations of glutamine(0.44 ± 0.08 vs 0.63 ± 0.03, P < 0.05), histidine(0.16 ± 0.01 vs 0.36 ± 0.04, P < 0.01) and arginine(0.08 ± 0.01 vs 0.14 ± 0.02, P < 0.03) and higher concentrations of glutamate(1.36 ± 0.25 vs 0.58 ± 0.04, P < 0.01), lactate(1.53 ± 0.11 vs 0.42 ± 0.05, P < 0.01), pyruvate(0.11 ± 0.02 vs 0.03 ± 0.00, P < 0.01) threonine(0.39 ± 0.02 vs 0.08 ± 0.01, P < 0.01) and aspartate(0.37 ± 0.03 vs 0.03 ± 0.01). A five metabolite signature by stepwise discriminant analysis could separate between controls and cirrhotic patients with an accuracy of 98%. In patients with encephalopathy we observed further derangement of ketone body metabolism, impaired production of glycerol and myoinositol, reversal of Fischer's ratio and impaired glutamine production as demonstrated by lower b-hydroxybutyrate(0.58 ± 0.14 vs 0.16 ± 0.02, P < 0.0002), higher acetoacetate(0.23 ± 0.02 vs 0.41 ± 0.16, P < 0.05), leucine(0.33 ± 0.02 vs 0.49 ± 0.05, P < 0.005) and isoleucine(0.12 ± 0.02 vs 0.27 ± 0.02, P < 0.0004) and lower glutamine(0.44 ± 0.08 vs 0.36 ± 0.04, P < 0.013), glycerol(0.53 ± 0.03 vs 0.19 ± 0.02, P < 0.000) and myoinositol(0.36 ± 0.04 vs 0.18 ± 0.02, P < 0.010) concentrations. A four metabolite signature by stepwise discriminant analysis could separate between encephalopathic and cirrhotic patients with an accuracy of 87%.CONCLUSION: Patients with cirrhosis and patients with hepatic encephalopathy exhibit distinct metabolic abnormalities and the use of metabonomics can select biomarkers for these diseases. | Konstantinos John Dabos John Andrew Parkinson Ian Howard Sadler John Nicholas Plevris Peter Clive Hayes | 2015 | World Journal of Hepatology2015，7，12： | 3 |
| 5 | Land-walking vs.water-walking interventions in older adults:Effects on aerobic fitness显示文摘Background:Low cardiorespiratory fitness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality,and interventions that increase fitness reduce risk.Water-walking decreases musculoskeletal impact and risk of falls in older individuals,but it is unclear whether water-walking improves aerobic fitness in the same way as weight-dependent land-walking.This randomized controlled trial involved 3 intervention groups—a no-exercise control group(CG),a land-walking(LW)group,and a water-walking(WW)group—to investigate the comparative impacts of LWandWWto CG on fitness.Methods:Both exercise groups attended individually tailored,center-based,intensity-matched 3×weekly sessions for 24 weeks,which progressed to 150 min of exercise per week.This was followed by a 24-week no-intervention period.Maximal graded exercise tests were performed on a treadmill at Weeks 0,24,and 48.Results:Maximal oxygen uptake increased from Week 0 to Week 24 in both exercise groups(0.57±0.62 mL/kg/min,0.03±0.04 L/min for LW;0.93±0.75 mL/kg/min,0.06±0.06 L/min for WW,mean±SE)compared to the CG(-1.75±0.78 mL/kg/min,-0.16±0.05 L/min)(group×time,p<0.05).Time to exhaustion increased significantly following LW only(123.4±25.5 s),which was significantly greater(p=0.001)than the CG(24.3±18.5 s).By Week 48,the training-induced adaptations in the exercise groups returned to near baseline levels.Conclusion:Our study supports current physical-activity recommendations that 150 min/week of moderate-intensity exercise produces improvements in fitness in previously sedentary older individuals.Also,LW andWW elicit similar improvements in fitness if conducted at the same relative intensities.Exercise-na?ve older individuals can benefit from the lower impact forces and decreased risk of falls associated withWWwithout compromising improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness. | Andrew Haynes Louise H.Naylor Howard H.Carter Angela L.Spence Elisa Robey Kay L.Cox Barbara A.Maslen Nicola T.Lautenschlager Nicola D.Ridgers Daniel J.Green | 2020 | Journal of Sport and Health Science2020，9，3： | 2 |
| 6 | Polymorphism in human IL-1 receptor antagonist gene intron 2 is caused by variable numbers of an 86-bp tandem repeat显示文摘 | Joanna K. Tarlow Alexandra I. F. Blakemore Andrew Lennard Roberto Solari Howard N. Hughes Alexander Steinkasserer Gordon W. Duff | 1993 | Human Genetics1993，，4： | 2 |
| 7 | KDOQI US Commentary on the 2012 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Glomerulonephritis显示文摘 | Laurence Beck Andrew S. Bomback Michael J. Choi Larry B. Holzman Carol Langford Laura H. Mariani Michael J. Somers Howard Trachtman Meryl Waldman | 2013 | American Journal of Kidney Diseases2013，，： | 2 |
| 8 | Minimally Invasive Approach Provides at Least Equivalent Results for Surgical Correction of Mitral Regurgitation: A Propensity Matched Comparison显示文摘 | Andrew B. Goldstone Pavan Atluri Wilson Y. Szeto Alen Trubelja Jessica L. Howard John W. MacArthur Craig Newcomb Joseph P. Donnelly Dale M. Kobrin Mary A. Sheridan Christiana Powers Robert C. Gorman Joseph H. Gorman Alberto Pochettino Joseph E. Bavaria Mi | 2012 | The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery2012，，： | 2 |
| 9 | Honeybees prefer novel insect-pollinated flower shapes over bird-pollinated flower shapes显示文摘Plant-pollinator in teractio ns have a fundame ntal in fluence on flower evolution. Flower color signals are frequently tuned to the visual capabilities of important pollinators such as either bees or birds, but far less is known about whether flower shape in fluences the choices of pollinators. We tested European honeybee Apis mellifera pref ere nces using novel achromatic (gray-scale) images of 12 insect-pollinated and 12 bird-pollinated native Australian flowers in Germany;thus, avoiding in flue nces of color, odor, or prior experie nee. In depende nt bees were tested with a number of parameterized images specifically desig ned to assess pref ere nces for size, shape, brightness, or the number of flower-like shapes prese nt in an image. We show that honeybees have a pref ere nee for visiti ng images of in sect-polli nated flowers and such a pref ere nee is most-likely mediated by holistic in formati on rather than by in dividual image parameters. Our results in dicate an giosperms have evolved flower shapes which in fluence the choice behavior of importa nt pollinators, and thus suggest spatial achromatic flower properties are an important part of visual signaling for plantpollinator in teractions. | Scarlett R. Howard Mani Shrestha Juergen Schramme Jair E. Garcia Aurore AvARGUES-WEBER Andrew D. Greentree Adrian G. DYER | 2019 | Current Zoology2019，65，4： | 2 |
| 10 | Clinical and radiographic subtypes of vascular cognitive impairment in a clinic-based cohort study显示文摘 | Kenneth Rockwood Sandra E. Black Xiaowei Song David B. Hogan Serge Gauthier Chris MacKnight Robert Vandorpe Antonio Guzman Patrick Montgomery Andrew Kertesz Remi W. Bouchard Howard Feldman | 2005 | Journal of the Neurological Sciences2005，，1： | 2 |
| 11 | Automotive Supplier Parks: An Imperative for Build-to-order? 显示文摘 | Mickey Howard Joe Miemczyk Andrew Graves | 2006 | Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management2006，，12： | 1 |
| 12 | New acetyls techonologies from BP chemicals显示文摘 | Mark J Howard Glenn J Sunley Andrew D Poole Robert J Watt Bhushan K Sharma | 1999 | Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis1999，，： | 1 |
| 13 | Recent developments and likely advances in lithium-ion batteries 显示文摘 | Andrew Ritchie Wilmont Howard | 2006 | Journal of Power Sources2006，162，： | 1 |
| 14 | 应用2017年美国心脏病学会/美国心脏协会血压指南预防潜在的心血管病事件显示文摘该研究在美国高血压成人患者比较血压达到2017年美国心脏病学会/美国心脏协会(American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association,ACC/AHA)指南推荐的血压目标与(1)当前血压水平,(2)达到2003年高血压预防、检测、评估和治疗全国联合委员会(the joint national committee on prevention,detection,evaluatioyl and treatment of highblood pressure,JNC)第七次报告(JNC7)目标;以及(3)达到2014年JNC第8次报告(JNCS)血压目标时可预防的心血管事件数和治疗相关严重不良事件的发生次数。 | Bress AP Colantonio LD Cooper R Kramer H Booth JN Odden MC Bibbins-Domingo K Shimbo D Whelton PK Levitan EB Howard G Bellows BK Kleindorfer D Safford MM Muntner P Andrew E 刘青 叶鹏 | 2018 | 中华高血压杂志2018，26，12： | 1 |
| 15 | A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the safety and efficacy of the live, oral adenovirus type 4 and type 7 vaccine, in U.S. military recruits显示文摘 | Robert A. Kuschner Kevin L. Russell Mary Abuja Kristen M. Bauer Dennis J. Faix Howard Hait Jennifer Henrick Michael Jacobs Alan Liss Julia A. Lynch Qi Liu Arthur G. Lyons Mohammad Malik James E. Moon Jeremiah Stubbs Wellington Sun Doug Tang Andrew C. Towl | 2013 | Vaccine2013，，28： | 1 |
| 16 | Crystal structure of Ara h 3, a major allergen in peanut显示文摘 | Tengchuan Jin Feng Guo Yu-wei Chen Andrew Howard Yu-Zhu Zhang | 2009 | Molecular Immunology2009，，8： | 1 |
| 17 | Genetic variation in paraoxonase-1 and paraoxonase-2 is associated with variation in plasma lipoproteins in alberta hutterites显示文摘 | Andrew P Philip W J Howard B | 1998 | Atherosclerosis1998，139，1： | 1 |
| 18 | VERNAUZATION1 Modulates Root System Architecture in Wheat and Barley显示文摘 | Kai P. Voss-Fels Hannah Robinson Stephen R. Mudge Cecile Richard Saul Newman Benjamin Wittkop Andreas Stahl Wolfgang Friedt Matthias Frisch lulian Gabur Anika Miller-Cooper Bradley C. Campbell Alison Kelly Glen Fox Jack Christopher Mandy Christopher Karine Chenu Jerome Franckowiak Emma S. Mace Andrew K. Borrell Howard Eagles David R. Jordan Jose R. Botella Graeme Hammer lan D. Godwin Ben Trevaskis Rod J. Snowdon Lee T. Hickey | 2018 | Molecular Plant2018，11，1： | 1 |
| 19 | Perthes disease 显示文摘 | Peter Kannu Andrew Howard | 2014 | BMJ2014，349，5： | 1 |
| 20 | A two-Type Classification of Lasco Coronal Mass Ejection显示文摘 | Andrews M D Howard R A | 2001 | Space Science Reviews2001，95，： | 1 |
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