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| 1 | AHA/ASA关于卒中和短暂性脑缺血发作患者卒中预防推荐的更新显示文摘在卒中和短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)患者卒中预防推荐发表以后,美国心脏协会和美国卒中协会(American Heart Association/American Stroke Association,AHA/ASA)著述委员会对最近的一些试验结果进行了回顾。本文的目的是对这些新资料做简要回顾、更新某些推荐意见并说明进行这些修改的理由。在2个领域已发表了一些新的重要临床试验结果:(1)在非心源性栓塞所致缺血性卒中或TIA患者卒中二级预防中具体抗血小板药的应用;(2)他汀类药物在预防卒中复发中的应用。 | Robert J. Adams Greg Albers Mark J. Alberts Oscar Benavente Karen Furie Larry B. Goldstein Philip Gorelick Jonathan Halperin Robert Harbaugh S. Claiborne Johnston Irene Katzan Margaret Kelly-Hayes Edgar J. Kenton Michael Marks Ralph L. Sacco Lee H. Schwamm 赵洪芹 李海峰 (译) | 2008 | 国际脑血管病杂志2008，16，4： | 123 |
| 2 | 短暂性脑缺血发作的定义和评价:美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会卒中委员会、心血管外科和麻醉委员会、心血管放射学和介入委员会、心血管护理委员会和外周血管病跨学科委员会对医疗卫生专业人员发布的科学声明:美国神经病学学会确认该声明作为神经科医生继续教育工具的价值显示文摘本科学声明面向为短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attacks,TIA)患者提供医疗诊治的临床医生和相关医疗卫生人员。采用正规的证据复习方法对1990-2007年7月期间Medline数据库进行系统的文献检索,并运用证据表、汇总分析和病例资料的合并分析,对数据进行综合处理。本文支持以下基于组织学的TIA定义:局灶性脑、脊髓或视网膜缺血引起的短暂性神经功能障碍发作,且无急性脑梗死。TIA患者的近期卒中风险较高,可根据临床量表、血管影像学和磁共振弥散加权成像进行风险分层。诊断推荐包括:TIA患者应在发病24h内接受神经影像学评价,最好是应用包括弥散序列在内的MRI;应进行无创性颈部血管成像检查,最好是无创性颅内血管成像;对于未能确定血管病因的患者,TIA发病后应尽快进行心电图检查,也应考虑持续心电监测和超声心动图检查;应进行常规血液化验;对于发病72h内就诊并且ABCD^2评分≥3分(提示近期复发风险较高)或在门诊不能迅速完成诊断评价的TIA患者,应收入院治疗。 | J. Donald Easton Jeffrey L. Saver Gregory W. Albers Mark J. Alberts Seemant Chaturvedi Edward Feldmann Thomas S. Hatsukami Randall T. Higashida S. Claibome Johnston Chelsea S. Kidwell Helmi L. Lutsep Elaine Miller Ralph L. Sacco 李海峰 高翔(译) | 2009 | 国际脑血管病杂志2009，，9： | 86 |
| 3 | 卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作患者的卒中预防指南 美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会为医疗卫生专业人员制定的指南显示文摘本指南旨在为缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作存活患者的卒中预防提供全面和及时的循证推荐,包括危险因素的控制、动脉粥样硬化性疾病的于预、心源性栓塞的抗栓治疗以及非心源性栓塞性卒中的抗血小板治疗。另外,还对其他许多特殊情况下的复发性卒中预防提供了推荐意见,包括动脉夹层分离、卯圆孔未闭、高同型半胱氨酸血症、高凝状态、镰状细胞病、脑静脉窦血栓形成、女性卒中(尤其是与妊娠和绝经后雌激素替代治疗相关性卒中)、脑出血后抗凝药的使用等,以及实施本指南及其在高危人群中应用的特定方法。 | Karen L. Furie Scott E. Kasner Robert J. Adams Gregory W. Albers Ruth L. Bush Susan C. Fagan Jonathan L. Halperin S. Claiborne Johnston Irene Katzan Walter N. Kernan Pamela H. Mitchell Bruce Ovbiagele Yuko Y. Palesch Ralph L. Sacco Lee H. Schwamm Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller Tanya N. Turan Deidre Wentworth 李海峰(译) 刘涛(译) 杨潘(译) 王鹏(译) | 2011 | 国际脑血管病杂志2011，19，1： | 391 |
| 4 | 未破裂颅内动脉瘤患者管理指南美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会针对医疗专业人员的指南显示文摘目的这份更新版指南旨在为未破裂颅内动脉瘤患者的管理提供全面的循证建议。方法写作组采用系统文献回顾(1977年1月至2014年6月),参考同期已发表的循证指南、个人文件和专家意见来总结现有的证据,指出现有知识的差距;如果合适,则根据美国心脏协会( American Heart Association, AHA)标准做出推荐。本指南经过了包括卒中委员会领导层以及AHA科学声明监督委员会在内的广泛同行评议,然后由AHA科学咨询和协调委员会审批通过。结果本指南对未破裂颅内动脉瘤患者的医疗诊治提出了循证建议,涉及临床表现、自然史、流行病学、危险因素、筛查、诊断、影像学以及手术和血管内治疗的转归。 | B. Gregory Thompson Robert D. Brown Sepideh Amin-Hanjani Joseph P. Broderick Kevin M. Cockroft E. Sander Connolly Gary R. Duckwiler Catherine C. Harris Virginia J. Howard S. Claiborne (Clay) Johnston Philip M. Meyers Andrew Molyneux Christopher S. Ogilvy Andrew J. Ringer James Torner 肖国栋 徐加平 石际俊 尤寿江 张霞 刘慧慧 曹勇军 | 2015 | 国际脑血管病杂志2015，23，8： | 127 |
| 5 | Achalasia: A review of clinical diagnosis, epidemiology,treatment and outcomes显示文摘Achalasia is a neurodegenerative motility disorder of the oesophagus resulting in deranged oesophageal peristalsis and loss of lower oesophageal sphincter function.Historically,annual achalasia incidence rates were believed to be low,approximately 0.5-1.2 per 100000.More recent reports suggest that annual incidence rates have risen to 1.6 per 100000 in some populations.The aetiology of achalasia is still unclear but is likely to be multi-factorial.Suggested causes include environmental or viral exposures resulting in inflammation of the oesophageal myenteric plexus,which elicits an autoimmune response.Risk of achalasia may be elevated in a sub-group of genetically susceptible people.Improvement in the diagnosis of achalasia,through the introduction of high resolution manometry with pressure topography plotting,has resulted in the development of a novel classification system for achalasia.This classification system can evaluate patient prognosis and predict responsiveness to treatment.There is currently much debate over whether pneumatic dilatation is a superior method compared to the Heller’s myotomy procedure in the treatment of achalasia.A recent com-parative study found equal efficacy,suggesting that patient preference and local expertise should guide the choice.Although achalasia is a relatively rare condition,it carries a risk of complications,including aspiration pneumonia and oesophageal cancer.The risk of both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus is believed to be significantly increased in patients with achalasia,however the absolute excess risk is small.Therefore,it is currently unknown whether a surveillance programme in achalasia patients would be effective or cost-effective. | Orla M O'Neill Brian T Johnston Helen G Coleman | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，35： | 26 |
| 6 | Immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma:Current and future显示文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)arises on the background of chronic liver disease.Despite the development of effective anti-viral therapeutics HCC is continuing to rise,in part driven by the epidemic of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Many patients present with advanced disease out with the criteria for transplant,resection or even locoregional therapy.Currently available therapeutics for HCC are effective in a small minority of individuals.However,there has been a major global interest in immunotherapies for cancer and although HCC has lagged behind other cancers,great opportunities now exist for treating HCC with newer and more sophisticated agents.Whilst checkpoint inhibitors are at the forefront of this revolution,other therapeutics such as inhibitory cytokine blockade,oncolytic viruses,adoptive cellular therapies and vaccines are emerging.Broadly these may be categorized as either boosting existing immune response or stimulating de novo immune response.Although some of these agents have shown promising results as monotherapy in early phase trials it may well be that their future role will be as combination therapy,either in combination with one another or in combination with treatment modalities such as locoregional therapy.Together these agents are likely to generate new and exciting opportunities for treating HCC,which are summarized in this review. | Michael P Johnston Salim I Khakoo | 2019 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2019，25，24： | 23 |
| 7 | Non-invasive means of measuring hepatic fat content显示文摘Hepatic steatosis affects 20% to 30% of the general adult population in the western world. Currently, the technique of choice for determining hepatic fat deposition and the stage of fibrosis is liver biopsy. However, it is an invasive procedure and its use is limited, particularly in children. It may also be subject to sampling error. Non-invasive techniques such as ultrasound, computerised tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) can detect hepatic steatosis, but currently cannot distinguish between simple steatosis and steatohepatitis, or stage the degree of fibrosis accurately. Ultrasound is widely used to detect hepatic steatosis, but its sensitivity is reduced in the morbidly obese and also in those with small amounts of fatty infiltration. It has been used to grade hepatic fat content, but this is subjective. CT can detect hepatic steatosis, but exposes subjects to ionising radiation, thus limiting its use in longitudinal studies and in children. Recently, magnetic resonance (MR) techniques using chemical shift imaging have provided a quantitative assessment of the degree of hepatic fatty infiltration, which correlates well with liver biopsy results in the same patients. Similarly, in vivo 1H MRS is a fast, safe, non-invasive method forthe quantification of intrahepatocellular lipid (IHCL) levels. Both techniques will be useful tools in future longitudinal clinical studies, either in examining the natural history of conditions causing hepatic steatosis (e.g. non-alcoholic fatty liver disease), or in testing new treatments for these conditions. | Sanjeev R Mehta E Louise Thomas Jimmy D Bell Desmond G Johnston Simon D Taylor-Robinson | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，22： | 21 |
| 8 | 综合性卒中中心医疗质量的度量标准:对脑卒中联盟综合性卒中中心推荐意见的详细随访美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会对医疗专业人员的声明显示文摘背景卒中是一种主要的残疾和死亡原因。脑卒巾联盟提议,建立初级卒中中心(primary stroke center,PSC)和综合性卒中中心(comprehensive stroke center,csc)以分别为需要基本或高级下预的卒中患者提供适当的医疗服务。从2003年开始,美国医疗卫生机构认证联合委员会和各州已指定了一些PSC,目前正在考虑CSC的指定工作。为了推进该过程,我们提出了一套CSC应追踪监测医疗质量并促进质量改进的标准和相关数据。方法和结果我们分析了现有指南、综述和其他文献,以识别区分CSC与PSC的主要特征;起草了一套标准和相关数据元素,以评价这些卒中医疗方面的关键部分;然后通过反复修改达成共识。我们提出的这套标准和相关数据元素,涵盖了CSC内缺血性脯血管病、非外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血和腩出血患者专、№医疗的主要方面。结论我们提出这套标准,旨在为CSC的标准化数据采集提供一个框架,以促进当地医疗质量改进,并允许对来自不同CSC的数据进行合并分析。这将有助于将来CSC国家执行标准的制定。 | 何晟(译) 蔡可夫(译) 张元媛(译) 胡旻婧(译) 倪耀辉(译) 芮瑛(译) 柯开富(译) Dana Leifer Dawn M. Bravata J.J. (Buddy) Connors Ⅲ Judith A. Hinchey Edward C. Jauch S. Claibome Johnston Richard Latchaw William kikosky Christopher Ogilvy Adrian I. Qureshi Debbie Summers Gene Y. Sung Linda S. Williams Richard Zorowitz | 2011 | 国际脑血管病杂志2011，19，3： | 21 |
| 9 | Reflections on a Science and Technology Agenda for 21st Century Disaster Risk Reduction Based on the Scientific Content of the 2016 UNISDR Science and Technology Conference on the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–203显示文摘The first international conference for the post-2015 United Nations landmark agreements(Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, Sustainable Development Goals, and Paris Agreement on Climate Change) was held in January 2016 to discuss the role of science and technology in implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. The UNISDR Science and Technology Conference on the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 aimed to discuss and endorse plans that maximize science's contribution to reducing disaster risks and losses in the coming 15 years and bring together the diversity of stakeholders producing and using disaster risk reduction(DRR) science and technology. This article describes the evolution of the role of science and technology in the policy process building up to the Sendai Framework adoption that resulted in an unprecedented emphasis on science in the text agreed on by 187 United Nations member states in March 2015 and endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly in June 2015. Contributions assembled by the Conference Organizing Committee and teams including the conference concept notes and the conference discussions that involved a broad range of scientists and decision makers are summarized in this article. The conference emphasized how partnerships and networks can advance multidisciplinary research and bring together science, policy, and practice; how disaster risk is understood, and how risks are assessed and early warning systems are designed; what data, standards, and innovative practices would be needed to measure and report on risk reduction; what research and capacity gaps exist and how difficulties in creating and using science for effective DRR can be overcome. The Science and Technology Conference achieved two main outcomes:(1) initiating the UNISDR Science and Technology Partnership for the implementation of the Sendai Framework; and(2) generating discussion and agreement regarding the content and endorsement process of the UNISDR Science and Technology Road Map to 2030. | Amina Aitsi-Selmi Virginia Murray Chadia Wannous Chloe Dickinson David Johnston Akiyuki Kawasaki Anne-Sophie Stevance Tiffany Yeung | 2016 | International Journal of Disaster Risk Science2016，7，1： | 14 |
| 10 | 氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林治疗对轻型卒中与短暂性脑缺血发作患者功能预后的影响:CHANCE与POINT试验联合分析显示文摘目的评价氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林双抗治疗对轻型缺血性卒中与TIA患者功能预后的影响。方法提取CHANCE和POINT试验所有的个体数据。这两项试验中,所有纳入患者在症状发作12 h(POINT)或24 h(CHANCE)以内随机接受氯吡格雷联用阿司匹林或单用阿司匹林治疗。结局指标为3个月时功能预后不良(mRS≥2),三等级定义卒中复发[致残性或致死性卒中复发(mRS≥2)、非致残性卒中复发(mRS 0或1)、无卒中复发]。结果共10013例患者纳入分析,其中来自CHANCE试验5132例(51.3%),来自POINT试验4881例(48.7%);氯吡格雷联用阿司匹林组4995例(49.9%),单用阿司匹林组5018例(50.1%)。氯吡格雷联用阿司匹林组3个月时功能预后不良的患者比例低于单用阿司匹林组(11.6%vs 12.6%,校正OR 0.82,95%CI 0.72~0.94,P=0.005)。氯吡格雷联用阿司匹林组致残性或致死性卒中复发(4.6%vs 6.1%,校正OR 0.73,95%CI 0.61~0.87,P<0.001)、非致残性卒中复发(1.9%vs 3.0%,校正OR 0.62,95%CI 0.47~0.80,P<0.001)和卒中复发的整体致残性(校正cOR 0.70,95%CI 0.60~0.81,P<0.001)低于单用阿司匹林组。结论与单用阿司匹林治疗相比,氯吡格雷联用阿司匹林治疗可进一步改善轻型缺血性卒中和TIA患者3个月时功能预后,减少致残性卒中复发。 | 潘岳松 JDonald Easton 李昊 Anthony SKim 孟霞 SClaiborne Johnston 金奥铭 王拥军 | 2021 | 中国卒中杂志2021，16，2： | 13 |
| 11 | Cerebral small vessel disease or intracranial large vessel atherosclerosis may carry different risk for future strokes显示文摘Background The effect of cerebral small vessel disease(CSVD)and intracranial arterial stenosis(ICAS)on stroke outcomes remains unclear.Methods Data of 1045 patients with minor stroke or transient ischaemic attack(TIA)were obtained from 45 sites of the Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients with Acute Non-disabling Cerebrovascular Events(CHANCE)trial.We assessed the associations of burdens of CSVD and ICAS with new strokes and bleeding events using multivariate Cox regression models and those with modified Rankin Scale(mRS)scores using ordinal logistic regression models.Results Among the 1045 patients,CSVD was present in 830 cases(79.4%)and ICAS in 460(44.0%).Patients with>1 ICAS segment showed the highest risk of new strokes(HR 2.03,95%CI 1.15 to 3.56,p=0.01).No association between CSVD and the occurrence of new strokes was found.The presence of severe CSVD(common OR(cOR)2.01,95%CI 1.40 to 2.89,p<0.001)and>1 ICAS segment(cOR 2.15,95%CI 1.57 to 2.93,p<0.001)was associated with higher mRS scores.Severe CSVD(HR 10.70,95%CI 1.16 to 99.04,p=0.04),but not ICAS,was associated with a higher risk of bleeding events.Six-point modified CSVD score improved the predictive power for bleeding events and disability.Interpretation CSVD is associated with more disability and bleeding events,and ICAS is associated with an increased risk of stroke and disability in patients with minor stroke and TIA at 3 months.CSVD and ICAS may represent different vascular pathologies and play distinct roles in stroke outcomes. | Huimin Chen Yuesong Pan Lixia Zong Jing Jing Xia Meng Yuyuan Xu Hongyi Yan Xingquan Zhao Liping Liu Hao Li S Claiborne Johnston Yongjun Wang Yilong Wang | 2020 | Stroke & Vascular Neurology2020，5，2： | 13 |
| 12 | 骨密度测量中精密度的重要性显示文摘骨密度测定 ,不论采取何特殊技术 ,即使严格地按照厂家建议的操作程序 ,也常常不能达到完美的重复性。必须确定每台骨密度仪不同骨骼部位的精确度。精密度 ,如标准差平均方根或变异系数平均方根 ,被用来确定骨密度的变化 ,即精密度决定最小显著性变化值和随访需要的至少时间间隔。除非确定了精密度 ,否则就不能确定任何水平的统计可信度最小显著性变化值 。 | Sydney Lou Bonnick C.Conrad Johnston Michael Kleerekoper Robert Lindsay Paul Miller Louis Sherwood Ethel Siris 周琦 程晓光 | 2002 | 中国骨质疏松杂志2002，8，1： | 12 |
| 13 | Clopidogrel with aspirin in High- risk patients with Acute Non- disabling Cerebrovascular Events II (CHANCE-2): rationale and design of a multicentre randomised trial显示文摘Background In patients with a minor ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack(TIA),separate trials have shown that dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel plus aspirin(clopidogrel-aspirin)or ticagrelor plus aspirin(ticagrelor-aspirin)are more effective than aspirin alone in stroke secondary prevention.However,these two sets of combination have not been directly compared.Since clopidogrel was less effective in stroke patients who were CYP2C19 loss-of function(LOF)allele carriers,whether ticagrelor-aspirin is clinically superior to clopidogrel-aspirin in this subgroup of patients with stroke is unclear.Aim To describe the rationale and design considerations of the Clopidogrel in High-risk patients with Acute Non-disabling Cerebrovascular Events(CHANCE-2)trial.Design CHANCE-2 is a randomised,double-blind,double-dummy,placebo-controlled,multicentre trial that compares two dual antiplatelet strategies for minor stroke or TIA patients who are CYP2C19 LOF allele carriers:ticagrelor(180 mg loading dose on day 1 followed by 90 mg twice daily on days 2-90)or clopidogrel(300 mg loading dose on day 1 followed by 75 mg daily on days 2-90),plus open-label aspirin with a dose of 75-300 mg on day 1 followed by 75 mg daily on day 2-21.All will be followed for 1 year.Study outcomes The primary efficacy outcome is any stroke(ischaemic or haemorrhagic)within 3 months and the primary safety outcome is any severe or moderate bleeding event within 3 months.Discussion The CHANCE-2 trial will evaluate whether ticagrelor-aspirin is superior to clopidogrel-aspirin for minor stroke or TIA patients who are CYP2C19 LOF allele carriers. | Yongjun Wang Claiborne Johnston Philip M Bath Xia Meng Jing Jing Xuewei Xie Anxin Wang Yuesong Pan Anding Xu Qiang Dong Yilong Wang Xingquan Zhao Zixiao Li Hao Li | 2021 | Stroke & Vascular Neurology2021，6，2： | 10 |
| 14 | Guidelines for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association显示文摘 | Karen L. Furie Scott E. Kasner Robert J. Adams Gregory W. Albers Ruth L. Bush Susan C. Fagan Jonathan L. Halperin S. Claiborne Johnston Irene Katzan Walter N. Kernan Pamela H. Mitchell Bruce Ovbiagele Yuko Y. Palesch Ralph L. Sacco Lee H. Schwamm Sylvia W | 2011 | Stroke2011，，1： | 8 |
| 15 | Identification of epididymis-specific transcripts in the mouse and rat by transcriptional profiling显示文摘作为我们在 theepididymis 识别新奇避孕目标的努力的部分,我们执行了分别地,用 Affymetrix 全部染色体在每老鼠的 10 和 19 个片断上介绍 drat epididymidis 的 transcriptional 微数组。当在分割的老鼠和老鼠附睾被表示,代表抄本的 17 096 和 16360 个探查集合的一个总数被识别 transcriptomes 分别地。对 transcriptional 介绍数据库从 22 另外的鼠标纸巾导出的一个鼠标的表示鼠科的抄本的比较识别了在附睾特别地被表示的 77transcripts。这些基因的表达式被反向的抄写进一步计算 RNA from21 老鼠纸巾的聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR ) 分析。RT-PCR 分析证实了 Defensin 贝它 13 的 epididymis 特定的表示并且识别了二另外的基因,表示仅仅限制了为附睾和睾丸。在有从介绍数据库的老鼠 transcriptional 的 21 另外的纸巾的数据的老鼠附睾的 16 360 个表示抄本的比较为 theepididymis 识别了 110 抄本 specific。62 个这些抄本被 qPCR 分析进一步调查。仅仅 Defensin22 (E3 附睾的蛋白质) 被显示为附睾完全特定。另外, 14transcripts 在附睾多于 100 褶层显示出选择表示。这些基因的产品可能在附睾起重要作用或精子工作并且当避孕目标被保证,推进调查和确认。在这份报告描述的研究的结果在哺乳动物的繁殖遗传(MRG ) 数据库(http://gffzzef35f6426a0e4a47h6kcwpvp6pu5f69ox.ffgz.tsg.suse.edu.cn/) 是可得到的。 | Daniel S. Johnston Terry T. Turner Joshua N. Finger Tracy L. Owtscharuk Gregory S. Kopf Scott A. Jelinsky | 2007 | Asian Journal of Andrology2007，9，4： | 8 |
| 16 | 期待很久的2004年9月28日M6.0级帕克菲尔德地震的震磁效应显示文摘1976年以来,在加利福尼亚帕克菲尔德地区沿圣安德烈斯断层上长约60km的闭锁—蠕动过渡带,布设了由7个采样同步的质子磁力仪构成的差动连接的台阵,对该地区的局部磁场进行了准确的测量。2004年9月28日的M6.0级帕克菲尔德地震的震中恰好位于这个台阵之内,此次地震在其中的5个台站的观测中产生了0.2nT~0.5nT的同震磁场变化。但是从地震发生前1个月、前1周及前数天的地磁观测数据中,都检测不到明显高于背景噪声水平的震前磁场变化(由于没有可检测出的形变、地震活动或孔隙压力变化数据,理论上也应观测不到震前磁场变化)。在地震破裂末端附近的一个台站也记录了0.01Hz~20Hz频带内的电场和磁场数据,借助于沿断层的北西延长线上距该台站约115km的另一个台站的观测数据,对来自电离层和磁层的同模式噪声进行了校正。校正后的数据中既没有发现1989年ML7.1级洛马普列塔地震前可能存在ULF频带(0.01Hz~20Hz)的异常磁噪声,也没有发现相同震级的希腊地震震前产生的电场变化。基于应变、位移和地震数据反演得到的地震一致滑动和可变滑动压磁模型,能够计算出与磁力仪台阵观测到的结果相符的磁场扰动。1993年以来,该区域内长期存在着与荷载增加一致的较高磁场变化,与之相伴的是由一个两色EDM台网和另一个较小的钻孔应变仪台网观测到的剪应变率的长期增长及表现在1992、1993和1994年各发生了一次M4.5~5.0级地震的地震活动性的增强。集成了所有这些数据建立的模型揭示了该区域在深度剖面上有增大的滑动,这也许对2004年9月28日M6.0级帕克菲尔德地震的最后发生起到了重要的作用。本次地震以及其他发生于圣安德烈斯断层系内其他地方的M5~7.3级地震的震前电场和磁场前兆的缺乏,表明了仅利用现有的这些电磁数据来对破坏性地震做出有意义的预测看来并不可能。 | M. J. S. Johnston Y. Sasai G. D. Egbert R. J. Mueller 张素琴(译) 杨冬梅(校) | 2006 | 世界地震译丛2006，37，6： | 8 |
| 17 | 在重症监护、急诊及围手术期情境下,非注意盲视与病情恶化患者的抢救失败:4例病案报告显示文摘背景:对临床恶化的识别和应对失败,是考核患者安全、医院绩效和护理质量的重要标准。虽然已有研究明确了患者、医院系统和人为因素在抢救失败的病案中的作用,但作为一个可能的影响因素,非注意盲视的作用被忽视了。目的:在重症护理、急诊和围手术期护理情境下,探讨非注意盲视的特性和对患者安全的影响。方法:从自然调研中选择了4例病案,分析护士如何识别和管理护理间隙(不连续性)。通过深入访谈采集数据,访谈的目标样本为71名护士,其中20名为重症护理护士,19名为急诊护士,16名为围手术期护士。以非注意盲视的角度,完成病案的鉴别、选择和分析。结果 :本文报告的4例病案提示,当患者的观测指标已提示临床恶化时,未能识别和处理,这可以用非注意盲视来解释。对本文报道的全部病案(1例除外),所有生命体征都进行了定期测量和记录。但是,医护团队未能'看到'临床恶化的早期征象。这些病案发生的临床环境极具压力和复杂性,伴随着高认知工作负荷、噪音和频繁干扰,为非注意盲视创造了条件。结论 :本报告涉及的病案提出了在危重医疗范围内,对抢救失败的病例来说,非注意盲视是一个突出的但被忽视的人为因素的可能性。进一步的学科交叉比较研究,可以确保更好地理解非注意盲视在重症监护情境下的特性及其对患者安全的可能的影响。 | Angela Jones Megan-Jane Johnstone | 2017 | 中国护理管理2017，17，7： | 7 |
| 18 | Prediction of the severity of acute pancreatitis on admission by urinary trypsinogen activation peptide: A meta-analysis显示文摘AIM: To undertake a meta-analysis on the value of urinary trypsinogen activation peptide (uTAP) in predicting severity of acute pancreatitis on admission. METHODS: Major databases including Medline, Embase, Science Citation Index Expanded and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials in the Cochrane Library were searched to identify all relevant studies from January 1990 to January 2013. Pooled sensitivity, specificity and the diagnostic odds ratios (DORs) with 95%CI were calculated for each study and were compared to other systems/biomarkers if mentioned within the same study. Summary receiver-operating curves were conducted and the area under the curve (AUC) was evaluated. RESULTS: In total, six studies of uTAP with a cut-off value of 35 nmol/L were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, the pooled sensitivity and specificity of uTAP for predicting severity of acute pancreatitis, at time of admission, was 71% and 75%, respectively (AUC = 0.83, DOR = 8.67, 95%CI: 3.70-20.33). When uTAP was compared with plasma C-reactive protein, the pooled sensitivity, specificity, AUC and DOR were 0.64 vs 0.67, 0.77 vs 0.75, 0.82 vs 0.79 and 6.27 vs 6.32, respectively. Similarly, the pooled sensitivity, specificity, AUC and DOR of uTAPvs Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ within the first 48 h of admission were found to be 0.64 vs 0.69, 0.77 vs 0.61, 0.82 vs 0.73 and 6.27vs 4.61, respectively. CONCLUSION: uTAP has the potential to act as a stratification marker on admission for differentiating disease severity of acute pancreatitis. | Wei Huang Kiran Altaf Tao Jin Jun-Jie Xiong Li Wen Muhammad A Javed Marianne Johnstone Ping Xue Christopher M Halloran Qing Xia | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，28： | 7 |
| 19 | 美国国家卒中协会短暂性脑缺血发作处理指南显示文摘目的:短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)是常见和重要的卒中先兆。其处理方法多样,大多数发表的指南在近年来均未被更新。我们试图制定一个全面的、无偏倚的、循证的TIA处理指南。方法:根据一种客观标准(可以预测在该研究领域中执业医师对专家提名的文献测量学方法)挑选出15名专家组成员。通过系统回顾检索到过去发表的指南,由专家对其中的推荐意见的质量进行独立评价。选择出质量最高的推荐意见,然后让专家组采用改良Delphi法通过多次问卷调查的方式进行修订,从而对新的修改达成共识。给专家们提供近期临床研究的系统评价,要求专家根据新的证据判断措辞修改的合理性并且根据证据等级和质量对最终的推荐意见进行评定。不允许专家在预期有可能存在任何利益冲突的专题方面提出推荐意见。结果:通过系统回顾检索到257个指南,其中有13篇文献包括的137条推荐意见符合所有纳入标准。需要6次重复的问卷调查对53条最终推荐意见的措辞达成共识。最终的推荐意见涉及TIA的初步处理、评价、内科治疗、外科治疗和危险因素控制。结论:对TIA患者医疗诊治的最终推荐意见强调了紧急评价和治疗的重要性。这种用于制定本指南的新方法是可行的,考虑到了快速更新并能减少偏倚。 | S. Claiborne Johnston Mai N. Nguyen-Huynh Miriam E. Schwarz Kate Fuller Christina Williams S. Andrew Josephsort Graeme J. Hankey Robert G. Hart Steven R. Levine Jose Biller Robert D. Brown Ralph L. Sacco L. Jaap Kappelle Peter J. Koudstaal Julien Bogousslavsky Louis R. Caplan Jan van Gijn Ale Algra Peter M. Rothwell Harold P. Adams Gregory W. Albers 李海峰(译) | 2007 | 国际脑血管病杂志2007，15，3： | 5 |
| 20 | Functions of Uni- and Multi-citations: Implications for Weighted Citation Analysis显示文摘Purpose:(1) To test basic assumptions underlying frequency-weighted citation analysis:(a) Uni-citations correspond to citations that are nonessential to the citing papers;(b) The influence of a cited paper on the citing paper increases with the frequency with which it is cited in the citing paper.(2) To explore the degree to which citation location may be used to help identify nonessential citations.Design/methodology/approach:Each of the in-text citations in all research articles published in Issue 1 of the Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology(JASIST) 2016 was manually classified into one of these five categories:Applied,Contrastive,Supportive,Reviewed,and Perfunctory.The distributions of citations at different in-text frequencies and in different locations in the text by these functions were analyzed.Findings:Filtering out nonessential citations before assigning weight is important for frequency-weighted citation analysis.For this purpose,removing citations by location is more effective than re-citation analysis that simply removes uni-citations.Removing all citation occurrences in the Background and Literature Review sections and uni-citations in the Introduction section appears to provide a good balance between filtration and error rates.Research limitations:This case study suffers from the limitation of scalability and generalizability.We took careful measures to reduce the impact of other limitations of the data collection approach used.Relying on the researcher's judgment to attribute citation functions,this approach is unobtrusive but speculative,and can suffer from a low degree of confidence,thus creating reliability concerns.Practical implications:Weighted citation analysis promises to improve citation analysis for research evaluation,knowledge network analysis,knowledge representation,and information retrieval.The present study showed the importance of filtering out nonessential citations before assigning weight in a weighted citation analysis,which may be a significant step forward to realizing these promises.Originality/value:Weighted citation analysis has long been proposed as a theoretical solution to the problem of citation analysis that treats all citations equally,and has attracted increasing research interest in recent years.The present study showed,for the first time,the importance of filtering out nonessential citations in weighted citation analysis,pointing research in this area in a new direction. | Dangzhi Zhao Alicia Cappello Lucinda Johnston | 2017 | Journal of Data and Information Science2017，2，1： | 5 |
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