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| 1 | 将卒中纳入心血管风险预测工具美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会对医疗卫生专业人员的声明显示文摘背景和目的目前美国针对心血管事件风险预测以及一级和二级预防的指南声明均使用绝对风险估计值来识别血管事件高危患者以及可从特定干预措施中获益的患者。然而,这些指南并未明确地包括卒中患者。本指南对现有证据和争论进行概述以支持:(1)将卒中(尤其是动脉粥样硬化性卒中)患者纳入心血管病绝对风险增高的患者群体;(2)将卒中纳入血管性疾病风险预测工具的转归预测因素。方法和结果写作组成员由委员会联合主席基于先前在相关领域的研究成果来提名,并得到美国心脏协会(American Heart Association,AHA)卒中委员会科学声明监督委员会以及文稿监督委员会的批准。作者采用系统文献回顾(覆盖1980年1月至2010年3月期间的文献)并参考以往公布的指南、个人资料以及专家观点,以归纳现有证据,提出当前知识的不足,并根据AHA标准对适当的问题制定推荐意见。所有写作组成员均有机会对推荐意见进行评论并批准了最终版本。经广泛的AHA内部同行评议以及卒中委员会领导阶层和科学声明监督委员会的审阅后,最终获得AHA科学咨询和协调委员会的批准。将卒中患者(尤其是动脉粥样硬化性卒中患者)纳入冠状动脉和心血管病绝对高危人群的原因如下。首先,有证据显示,缺血性卒中患者发生致死性和非致死性心肌梗死或猝死的绝对风险增高,10年绝对风险≥20%,这一风险阈值已被一些指南用于定义冠状动脉疾病风险等危症。其次,纳入动脉粥样硬化性卒中的原因与纳入糖尿病、周围血管病、慢性肾脏病以及其他动脉粥样硬化性疾病的原因相同,尽管尚缺乏在所有人群或患者中风险增高的统一证据。再次,缺血性卒中的大动脉粥样硬化性卒中亚型与其他这些疾病的病理生理学机制相同。将卒中纳入高危因素将导致高危人群的数量扩大约10%。然而,由于卒中的异质性,尚不确定其他卒中亚型,包括出血性卒中以及非动脉粥样硬化性卒中亚型,是否应被视为具有相同水平的风险,因此有待进一步研究。鉴于卒中对残疾和死亡的影响、卒中与其他血管性疾病预防措施的相似性以及卒中在某些人群中较冠状动脉疾病更高的重要性,将卒中、心肌梗死和猝死纳入心血管事件风险预测工具的转归预测因素是合适的。美国以外的指南常常将卒中患者纳入心血管高危人群,并将卒中作为心脏终点的一个相关转归事件。结论动脉粥样硬化性卒中患者应被纳入会进一步发生冠状动脉粥样硬化事件的高危患者(10年≥20%)。是否应纳入非动脉粥样硬化卒中亚型尚不确定。对于一级预防,缺血性卒中应被纳入绝对风险评估方案的心血管疾病转归事件。将动脉粥样硬化性卒中作为一个高危因素或者更宽泛地将缺血性卒中视作一种转归事件纳入,可能对心血管病的预防具有重要意义,因为被评定为高危风险的患者数量将大幅增加。 | Daniel T. Lackland Mitchell S.V. Elkind Ralph D'Agostino Sr Mandip S. Dhamoon David C. Goff Jr Randall T. Higashida Leslie A. McClure Pamela H. Mitchell Ralph L. Sacco Cathy A. Sila Sidney C. Smith Jr David Tanne David L. Tirschwell Emmanuel Touze Lawrence R. Wechsler 4:~ 尤寿江(译) 于海龙(译) 刘慧慧(译) 张霞(译) 刘春风(译) | 2012 | 国际脑血管病杂志2012，20，11： | 13 |
| 2 | Evolution of stereoscopic imaging in surgery and recent advances显示文摘In the late 1980s the first laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed prompting a sudden rise in technological innovations as the benefits and feasibility of minimal access surgery became recognised.Monocular laparoscopes provided only two-dimensional(2D) viewing with reduced depth perception and contributed to an extended learning curve.Attention turned to producing a usable three-dimensional(3D) endoscopic view for surgeons;utilising different technologies for image capture and image projection.These evolving visual systems have been assessed in various research environments with conflicting outcomes of success and usability,and no overall consensus to their benefit.This review article aims to provide an explanation of the different types of technologies,summarise the published literature evaluating 3D vs 2D laparoscopy,to explain the conflicting outcomes,and discuss the current consensus view. | Katie Schwab Ralph Smith Vanessa Brown Martin Whyte Iain Jourdan | 2017 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy2017，9，8： | 4 |
| 3 | Molecular dynamics simulations of HMX crystal polymorphs using a flexible molecule force field显示文摘 | Dmitry Bedrov Chakravarthy Ayyagari Grant D. Smith Thomas D. Sewell Ralph Menikoff Joseph M. Zaug | 2001 | Journal of Computer - Aided Materials Design (-)2001，，2： | 1 |
| 4 | A Sequential Treatment Approach to Myoinvasive Urothelial Cancer: A Phase II Southwest Oncology Group Trial (S0219)显示文摘 | Ralph W. deVere White Primo N. Lara Bryan Goldman Cathy M. Tangen David C. Smith David P. Wood Maha H.A. Hussain E. David Crawford | 2009 | The Journal of Urology2009，，6： | 1 |
| 5 | Structural magnetic strain model for magnetostrictive transducers显示文摘 | Ralph C Smith Alison B Flatau | 2000 | IEEE Trans Magn2000，36，3： | 1 |
| 6 | Structural Magnetic Strain Model for Magnetostrictive Transducers显示文摘 | Smith Ralph C Flatau Alison B | 2000 | IEEE trans Magn2000，36，3： | 1 |
| 7 | Efficacy and Safety of Fasudil in Patients With Stable Angina显示文摘 | Ralph M. Vicari Bernard Chaitman Deborah Keefe William B. Smith Steven G. Chrysant Melvin J. Tonkon Neville Bittar Robert J. Weiss Hugo Morales-Ballejo Udho Thadani | 2005 | Journal of the American College of Cardiology2005，，10： | 1 |
| 8 | The relationship betweenth rate of gastric emptying and dumping syndrome 显示文摘 | Ralphs DN Thomson JP Haynes S Lawson- Smith C Hobsley M Le Quesne LP | 1978 | Br JSurg1978，65，9： | 1 |
| 9 | Leisure of Disabled Tourist: Barriers to Participation显示文摘 | Ralph W Smith | 1987 | Annals of Tourism Research1987，14，3： | 1 |
| 10 | Efland on the Aesthetic and Visual Culture: A Response 显示文摘 | Smith Ralph A | 2005 | Studies in Art Education2005，46，： | 1 |
| 11 | Efficacy of a Motivational Behavioral Intervention to Promote Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Screening in Young Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial显示文摘 | Mariam R. Chacko Constance M. Wiemann Claudia A. Kozinetz Kirk von Sternberg Mary M. Velasquez Peggy B. Smith Ralph DiClemente | 2010 | Journal of Adolescent Health2010，，2： | 1 |
| 12 | Structural Magnetic Strain Model for Magnetostrictive Transducers 显示文摘 | Marcelo J Dapino Ralph C Smith Alison B Flatau | 2000 | IEEE Trans Magn2000，36，3： | 1 |
| 13 | Inclusion of Stroke in Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Instruments显示文摘 | Daniel T. Lackland Mitchell S.V. Elkind Ralph D’Agostino Mandip S. Dhamoon David C. Goff Randall T. Higashida Leslie A. McClure Pamela H. Mitchell Ralph L. Sacco Cathy A. Sila Sidney C. Smith David Tanne David L. Tirschwell Emmanuel Touzé Lawrence R. Wech | 2012 | Stroke2012，，7： | 1 |
| 14 | A correction to the algorithm in Reiter's theory of diagnosis 显示文摘 | Greiner Russell Smith Barbara Anne Wilkerson Ralph Walter | 1989 | Artificial Intelli gence1989，41，1： | 1 |
| 15 | Laccases direct lignification in the discrete secondary cell wall do- mains of protoxylem显示文摘 | Schuetz M Benske A Smith RA Watanabe Y Tobimat- su Y Ralph J Demura T Ellis B Samuels AL | 2014 | Plant Physiol2014，166，： | 1 |
| 16 | Target tracking for missile warning application显示文摘 | Moira I Smith Jamie P Heather Jason F Ralph | 2004 | Proc of SPIE2004，5428，： | 1 |
| 17 | LOWER CALICEAL STONE CLEARANCE AFTER SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY OR URETEROSCOPY: THE IMPACT OF LOWER POLE RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY显示文摘 | ABDELHAMID M. ELBAHNASY ARIEH L. SHALHAV DAVID M. HOENIG OSAMA M. ELASHRY DEBORAH S. SMITH ELSPETH M. MCDOUGALL RALPH V. CLAYMAN | 1998 | The Journal of Urology1998，，3： | 1 |
| 18 | Quantification of phenolic metabolites of environmental chemicals in human urine using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and isotope dilution quantification显示文摘 | Roberto Bravo Lisa M. Caltabiano Carolina Fernandez Kimberly D. Smith Maribel Gallegos Ralph D. Whitehead Gayanga Weerasekera Paula Restrepo Amanda M. Bishop José J. Perez Larry L. Needham Dana B. Barr | 2005 | Journal of Chromatography B2005，，2： | 1 |
| 19 | Application of high speed imaging as a novel tool to study particle dynamics in tubular membrane systems显示文摘 | Ralph Lindeboom Geo Smith David Jeison Hardy Temmink Jules B. van Lier | 2010 | Journal of Membrane Science2010，，1： | 1 |
| 20 | AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention and Risk Reduction Therapy for Patients With Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2011 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation显示文摘 | Sidney C. Smith Emelia J. Benjamin Robert O. Bonow Lynne T. Braun Mark A. Creager Barry A. Franklin Raymond J. Gibbons Scott M. Grundy Loren F. Hiratzka Daniel W. Jones Donald M. Lloyd-Jones Margo Minissian Lori Mosca Eric D. Peterson Ralph L. Sacco John | 2011 | Circulation2011，，22： | 1 |
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