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| 1 | 影响卒中死亡率下降的因素美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会的科学声明显示文摘背景和目的 美国的卒中死亡率自20世纪初以来一直呈下降趋势,尽管这种“下降”很受欢迎,但其原因尚不完全清楚.由于近年来卒中死亡率呈现出更为显著的加速下降趋势,卒中已从美国的第3位死亡原因下降至第4位.这促使人们对影响卒中发病风险和死亡率变化的相关因素进行详细评估.这份声明对有关卒中死亡率下降趋势的促进因素的研究证据进行回顾,并讨论了将来如何利用这些因素在卒中这一重大公共卫生问题的干预研究中发挥作用.方法 写作组成员由委员会主席和副主席根据其以前在相关领域的研究成果提名,并通过美国心脏协会(American Heart Association,AHA)卒中委员会的科学声明监督委员会和美国心脏协会手稿监督委员会批准.作者利用系统文献综述,参考公开发表的临床和流行病学研究、发病率和死亡率报告、临床与公共卫生指南、权威声明、个人文件以及专家意见,对相关证据进行总结并指出与当前知识水平的差距.所有写作组成员均有机会评论这份声明并批准其最终版本.这份声明经过AHA内部的广泛同行评议以及卒中委员会领导阶层和科学声明监督委员会的审查,然后获得AHA科学顾问与协调委员会的批准.结果 过去数十年间,在不同性别、所有种族/民族以及各个年龄组人群中都观察到卒中死亡率的下降,这体现出人群健康的重大进展.除了卒中对于总体寿命损失的影响减少外,在65岁以下人群中观察到的卒中死亡率显著下降体现了其所致潜在寿命损失年的减少.卒中死亡率的下降要归功于卒中发病率和病死率的降低.这些卒中转归的显著改善与心血管危险因素的控制和干预相一致.虽然很难计算出具体的归因危险度估计值,但始于20世纪70年代的血压控制措施似乎已对卒中死亡率的加速下降产生了最实质性的影响.尽管实施较晚,但糖尿病和血脂异常控制以及戒烟计划,特别是联合降压治疗,似乎同样促进了卒中死亡率的下降.远程医疗和卒中医疗体系也似乎具有强烈的潜在作用,但尚需足够长的时间来证明其对卒中死亡率下降的影响.其他因素也可能产生影响,但需要更多的研究来确定它们的作用.结论 卒中死亡率的下降是真实存在的,代表着公共卫生以及临床医学的巨大成功.卒中从第3位死亡原因下降至第4位是死亡率真实下降的结果,而并非由于慢性肺病死亡率上升所致,后者是目前在美国是第3位的死亡原因.有强烈的证据表明,卒中死亡率的下降可归功于以科学发现为基础、旨在降低卒中风险而执行的联合干预措施和项目,其中最有可能的是对高血压控制的改善.因此,对正在开展的干预项目进行的研究及其成果的应用已改善了人群健康.对一些积极的循证公共卫生项目以及临床干预措施的持续应用预期会进一步降低卒中死亡率. | Daniel T.Lackland Edward J.Roccella Anne F.Deutsch Myriam Fornage Mary G.George George Howard Brett M.Kissela Steven J.Kittner Judith H.Lichtman Lynda D. Lisabeth Lee H. Schwamm Eric E. Smith 高一鹭 陈政弘 王文志 | 2014 | 国际脑血管病杂志2014，22，5： | 41 |
| 2 | Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2009 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee显示文摘 | Donald Lloyd-Jones Robert Adams Mercedes Carnethon Giovanni De Simone T Bruce Ferguson Katherine Flegal Earl Ford Karen Furie Alan Go Kurt Greenlund Nancy Haase Susan Hailpern Michael Ho Virginia Howard Brett Kissela Steven Kittner Daniel Lackland Lynda L | 2009 | Circulation2009，，3： | 4 |
| 3 | A Branched-Chain Amino Acid-Related Metabolic Signature that Differentiates Obese and Lean Humans and Contributes to Insulin Resistance显示文摘 | Christopher B. Newgard Jie An James R. Bain Michael J. Muehlbauer Robert D. Stevens Lillian F. Lien Andrea M. Haqq Svati H. Shah Michelle Arlotto Cris A. Slentz James Rochon Dianne Gallup Olga Ilkayeva Brett R. Wenner William S. Yancy Howard Eisenson Gera | 2009 | Cell Metabolism2009，，4： | 2 |
| 4 | Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2008 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee显示文摘 | Wayne Rosamond Katherine Flegal Karen Furie Alan Go Kurt Greenlund Nancy Haase Susan M. Hailpern Michael Ho Virginia Howard Brett Kissela Steven Kittner Donald Lloyd-Jones Mary McDermott James Meigs Claudia Moy Graham Nichol Christopher O’Donnell Veroniqu | 2008 | Circulation2008，，4： | 1 |
| 5 | Summary of evidence-based guideline: Periprocedural management of antithrombotic medications in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease: Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology显示文摘 | Melissa J. Armstrong Gary Gronseth David C. Anderson José Biller Brett Cucchiara Rima Dafer Larry B. Goldstein Michael Schneck Steven R. Messé | 2013 | Neurology2013，，22： | 1 |
| 6 | A survey of known resuhs and research areas for N-Queens 显示文摘 | Jordan Bell Brett Stevens | 2009 | Discrete Mathematics2009，309，1： | 1 |
| 7 | Packing Arrays and Packing Designs显示文摘 | Brett Stevens Eric Mendelsohn | 2002 | Designs Codes and Cryptography (-)2002，，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Hamiltonian decompositions of complete k -uniform hypergraphs显示文摘 | Robert F. Bailey Brett Stevens | 2009 | Discrete Mathematics2009，，22： | 1 |
| 9 | A survey of known results and research areas for n -queens显示文摘 | Jordan Bell Brett Stevens | 2008 | Discrete Mathematics2008，，1： | 1 |
| 10 | Clinical implications of interleukins-31, 32, and 33 in gastric cancer显示文摘BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC) is one of the most common malignancies in China with a high morbidity and mortality.AIM To determine whether interleukin(IL)-31, IL-32, and IL-33 can be used as biomarkers for the detection of GC, via evaluating the correlations between their expression and clinicopathological parameters of GC patients.METHODS Tissue array(n = 180) gastric specimens were utilised. IL-31, IL-32, and IL-33 expression in GC and non-GC tissues was detected immunohistochemically. The correlations between IL-31, IL-32, and IL-33 expression in GC and severity of clinicopathological parameters were evaluated. Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method/Cox regression. Circulating IL-31, IL-32, and IL-33 were detected by ELISA.RESULTS We found that the expression levels of IL-31, IL-32, and IL-33 were all lower in GC than in adjacent non-GC gastric tissues(P < 0.05). IL-33 in peripheral blood of GC patients was significantly lower than that of healthy individuals(1.50 ± 1.11 vs 9.61 ± 8.00 ng/m L, P <0.05). Decreased IL-31, IL-32, and IL-33 in GC were observed in younger patients(< 60 years), and IL-32 and IL-33 were lower in female patients(P < 0.05). Higher IL-32 correlated with a longer survival in two GC subgroups: T4 invasion depth and TNM I-II stage. Univariate/multivariate analysis revealed that IL-32 was an independent prognostic factor for GC in the T4 stage subgroup. Circulating IL-33 was significantly lower in GC patients at TNM stage IV than in healthy people(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION Our findings may provide new insights into the roles of IL-31, IL-32, and IL-33 in the carcinogenesis of GC and demonstrate their relative usefulness as prognostic markers for GC. The underlying mechanism of IL-31, IL-32, and IL-33 actions in GC should be further explored. | Qing-Hua Liu Ji-Wei Zhang Lei Xia Steven G Wise Brett David Hambly Kun Tao Shi-San Bao | 2022 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology2022，14，9： | 1 |
| 11 | Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2008 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee显示文摘 | Wayne Rosamond Katherine Flegal Karen Furie Alan Go Kurt Greenlund Nancy Haase Susan M. Hailpern Michael Ho Virginia Howard Brett Kissela Steven Kittner Donald Lloyd-Jones Mary McDermott James Meigs Claudia Moy Graham Nichol Christopher O’Donnell Veroniqu | 2008 | Circulation2008，，4： | 1 |
| 12 | Development of an Efficient Pd-Catalyzed Coupling Process for Axitinib显示文摘 | Brian P C Steven M G Brett M L | 2014 | OrgProcessResDev2014，18，： | 1 |
| 13 | Effect of intratracheal dexamethasone on oleic acid-induced lung injury in the rat显示文摘 | Brett Thomas Volpe Winnie Lin Roger Steven Thrall | 1994 | Chest1994，106，： | 1 |
| 14 | Hematoma Growth in Oral Anticoagulant Related Intracerebral Hemorrhage显示文摘 | Brett Cucchiara Steven Messe Lauren Sansing Scott Kasner Patrick Lyden | 2008 | Stroke2008，，11： | 1 |
| 15 | Hepatitis E vi- rus in blood components: a prevalence and transmis- sion study in southeast England显示文摘 | Hewitt Patricia E Ijaz Samreen Brailsford Su R Brett Rachel Dicks Steven Haywood Becky Kenne- dy Iain T R Kitchen Alan Patel Poorvi Poh John Russell Katherine Tettmar Kate I Tossell Joanne Ushiro-Lumb Ines Tedder Richard S | 2014 | Lancet2014，384，9956： | 1 |
| 16 | Forty-eight-hour ph monitoring increases sensitivity in detecting abnormal esophageal acid exposure显示文摘 | Daniel Tseng M.D. Adnan Z. Rizvi M.D. M. Brian Fennerty M.D. Blair A. Jobe M.D. Brian S. Diggs Ph.D. Brett C. Sheppard M.D. Steven C. Gross M.D. Lee L. Swanstrom M.D. Nicole B. White M.D. Ralph W. Aye M.D. John G. Hunter M.D | 2005 | Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery2005，，8： | 1 |
| 17 | Integrated H azards Analys is显示文摘 | Steven R.T rammel l Donald K.Lorenzo Brett J.Davis | | 0，，05： | 1 |
| 18 | Intraoperative Perfusion Techniques Can Accurately Predict Mastectomy Skin Flap Necrosis in Breast Reconstruction: Results of a Prospective Trial显示文摘 | Brett T. Phillips Steven T. Lanier Nicole Conkling Eric D. Wang Alexander B. Dagum Jason C. Ganz Sami U. Khan Duc T. Bui | 2012 | Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery2012，，5： | 1 |
| 19 | Murine models of airway fungal exposure and allergic sensitization显示文摘 | Steven P. Templeton Amanda D. Buskirk Brett J. Green Donald H. Beezhold Detlef Schmechel | 2010 | Medical Mycology2010，，2： | 1 |
| 20 | The ecological role of bivalve shellfish aquaculture in the estuarine environment: A review with application to oyster and clam culture in West Coast (USA) estuaries显示文摘 | Brett R. Dumbauld Jennifer L. Ruesink Steven S. Rumrill | 2009 | Aquaculture2009，，3： | 1 |
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